Activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is tuned by corticosteroid feedback. Corticosteroids regulate cellular function via genomic and nongenomic mechanisms, which operate over diverse time scales. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of how corticosteroid feedback regulates hypothalamic stress neuron function and output through synaptic plasticity, changes in intrinsic excitability, and modulation of neuropeptide production. The temporal kinetics of corticosteroid actions in the brain versus the pituitary have important implications for how organisms respond to stress. Furthermore, we will discuss, some of the technical limitations and missing links in the field, and the potential implications these may have on our interpretations of corticosteroid negative feedback experiments.

中文翻译：

---

压力轴的时间调节皮质类固醇反馈调节

下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺 (HPA) 轴的活动由皮质类固醇反馈调节。皮质类固醇通过基因组和非基因组机制调节细胞功能，这些机制在不同的时间尺度上起作用。这篇综述总结了我们对皮质类固醇反馈如何通过突触可塑性、内在兴奋性的变化和神经肽产生的调节来调节下丘脑应激神经元功能和输出的理解的最新进展。大脑与垂体中皮质类固醇作用的时间动力学对生物体如何应对压力具有重要意义。此外，我们将讨论该领域的一些技术限制和缺失环节，以及这些可能对我们对皮质类固醇负反馈实验的解释的潜在影响。