Nitric oxide (NO) contributes to carbohydrate metabolism and decreased NO bioavailability is involved in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). NO donors may improve insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis in T2DM and insulin resistance (IR), suggesting the potential clinical importance of NO-based interventions. In this review, site-specific roles of the NO synthase (NOS)-NO pathway in carbohydrate metabolism are discussed. In addition, the metabolic effects of physiological low levels of NO produced by constitutive NOS (cNOS) versus pathological high levels of NO produced by inducible NOS (iNOS) in pancreatic β-cells, adipocytes, hepatocytes, and skeletal muscle cells are summarized. A better understanding of the NOS-NO system in the regulation of glucose homeostasis can hopefully facilitate the development of new treatments for T2DM.

中文翻译：

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一氧化氮在胰岛素分泌和葡萄糖代谢中的作用

一氧化氮 (NO) 有助于碳水化合物代谢，而降低的 NO 生物利用度与 2 型糖尿病 (T2DM) 的发展有关。NO 供体可能会改善 T2DM 和胰岛素抵抗 (IR) 中的胰岛素信号传导和葡萄糖稳态，表明基于 NO 的干预措施具有潜在的临床重要性。在这篇综述中，讨论了 NO 合酶 (NOS)-NO 途径在碳水化合物代谢中的特定位点作用。此外，还总结了在胰腺 β 细胞、脂肪细胞、肝细胞和骨骼肌细胞中，由组成型 NOS (cNOS) 产生的生理低水平 NO 与由诱导型 NOS (iNOS) 产生的病理性高水平 NO 的代谢作用。