Urban development can alter resource availability, land use, and community composition, which, in turn, influences wildlife health. Generalizable relationships between wildlife health and urbanization have yet to be quantified and could vary across different measures of health and among species. We present a phylogenetic meta‐analysis of 516 comparisons of the toxicant loads, parasitism, body condition, or stress of urban and non‐urban wildlife populations reported in 106 studies spanning 81 species in 30 countries. We found a small but significant negative relationship between urbanization and wildlife health, driven by considerably higher toxicant loads and greater parasite abundance, greater parasite diversity, and/or greater likelihood of infection by parasites transmitted through close contact. Invertebrates and amphibians were particularly affected, with urban populations having higher toxicant loads and greater physiological stress than their non‐urban counterparts. We also found strong geographic and taxonomic bias in research effort, highlighting future research needs. Our results suggest that some types of health risks are more pronounced for wildlife in urban areas, which could have important implications for conservation.

中文翻译：

---

城市病了？对野生动植物健康与城市化的荟萃分析

城市发展会改变资源的可获得性，土地利用和社区构成，进而影响野生动植物的健康。野生动植物健康与城市化之间的普遍关系尚待量化，并且在不同的健康衡量标准和物种之间可能会有所不同。我们提供了系统进化的荟萃分析，对516个研究进行了516次比较，这些研究涉及30个国家的81种物种，其中包括城市和非城市野生动植物种群的毒物负荷，寄生虫，身体状况或压力。我们发现，在城市化与野生动植物健康之间存在很小但很显着的负面关系，这是由较高的毒物负荷和更大的寄生虫丰度，更大的寄生虫多样性和/或通过紧密接触传播的寄生虫感染的可能性所驱动的。无脊椎动物和两栖动物尤其受到影响，与非城市人群相比，城市人口的毒物负荷和生理压力更高。我们还在研究工作中发现了强烈的地理和分类偏见，突出了未来的研究需求。我们的结果表明，某些类型的健康风险对于城市地区的野生动植物更为明显，这可能对保护产生重要影响。