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Parasitoids of leaf herbivores enhance plant fitness and do not alter caterpillar‐induced resistance against seed beetles
Functional Ecology ( IF 4.6 ) Pub Date : 2019-11-21 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13478
Carlos Bustos‐Segura 1 , Maximilien A. C. Cuny 1 , Betty Benrey 1
Affiliation  

Organisms of the third trophic level can indirectly interact with plants. However, whether parasitoids of herbivores have a positive effect on plant fitness has been controversial. In addition to possible effects on plant fitness, parasitoid‐mitigated herbivory can modify plant physiological responses and thereby alter the plant‐mediated indirect interactions between different herbivore species. These types of indirect multitrophic interactions remain largely unexplored. Thus, to understand the full effect of the third trophic level on plants, it is necessary to consider the context of the community of interacting species, both herbivores and their enemies. Here, we investigated whether parasitoids of leaf‐feeding caterpillars affect plant fitness (seed quantity and quality) and the consequences for seed‐dwelling insects at the second and third trophic levels through plant‐mediated effects. To test this, we exposed lima bean plants (Phaseolus lunatus), under controlled field conditions, to caterpillars (Spodoptera latifascia) that were unparasitized or parasitized by the parasitoid species Cotesia marginiventris. Later in the season, we measured seed production and infestation by seed beetles and their parasitoids. We found that parasitoids significantly reduced the leaf damage inflicted by the caterpillars, such that the plants suffered no loss in seed production. Yet, parasitoids had no effect on the emergence of seed beetles (Zabrotes subfasciatus and Acanthoscelides obtectus), which was equally reduced in plants attacked by unparasitized and by parasitized caterpillars. Seeds from undamaged plants were significantly more attacked by Z. subfasciatus beetles. Parasitism rates of seed beetle larvae were similar for all treatments. Although parasitized caterpillars did not damage the plants enough to reduce seed production (unlike unparasitized caterpillars), the damage they inflicted induced resistance against other herbivores. Taken together, these results show how parasitoids can indirectly enhance plant fitness in the context of the local multitrophic ecological networks. These findings have significant implications for natural and agricultural systems since they reveal that the indirect interaction between plants and parasitoids can be beneficial in communities with multiple herbivore species.

中文翻译:

叶食草动物的寄生物增强植物健康,并且不会改变毛虫诱导的对甲虫的抵抗力

第三营养级的生物可以间接地与植物相互作用。然而,食草动物的寄生蜂是否对植物健康有积极影响一直存在争议。除了可能对植物健康产生影响之外,寄生蜂减轻的食草动物还可以改变植物的生理反应,从而改变不同食草动物物种之间由植物介导的间接相互作用。这些类型的间接多营养相互作用在很大程度上仍未得到探索。因此,要了解第三营养级对植物的全部影响,有必要考虑相互作用的物种群落的背景,包括食草动物和它们的敌人。这里,我们研究了食叶毛虫的寄生蜂是否影响植物健康(种子数量和质量),以及通过植物介导的作用对第二和第三营养级的种子栖息昆虫的影响。为了测试这一点,我们在受控的田间条件下将利马豆植物 (Phaseolus lunatus) 暴露于未寄生或被寄生物种 Cotesia marginiventris 寄生的毛虫 (Spodoptera latifascia)。在本赛季后期,我们测量了种子甲虫及其寄生蜂的种子产量和侵染情况。我们发现寄生蜂显着减少了毛虫造成的叶片损伤,从而使植物的种子产量没有损失。然而,寄生蜂对种子甲虫(Zabrotes subfasciatus 和 Acanthoscelides obtectus)的出现没有影响,在被未寄生和被寄生的毛毛虫攻击的植物中,这一比例同样降低。来自未受损植物的种子明显更多地受到 Z. subfasciatus 甲虫的攻击。所有处理的种子甲虫幼虫的寄生率相似。尽管寄生的毛毛虫对植物的损害不足以减少种子产量(与未寄生的毛虫不同),但它们造成的损害诱导了对其他食草动物的抵抗力。综上所述,这些结果表明寄生蜂是如何在局部多营养生态网络的背景下间接增强植物健康的。这些发现对自然和农业系统具有重要意义,因为它们揭示了植物和寄生蜂之间的间接相互作用在具有多种食草动物物种的社区中可能是有益的。
更新日期:2019-11-21
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