To understand effects of two widely used antidepressant on the antioxidant defense mechanism in the marine rotifer Brachionus koreanus, we assessed acute toxicity and measured population growth, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, glutathione (GSH) levels, and antioxidant enzymatic activities (GST, GR, and SOD) in response to fluoxetine hydrochloride (FLX) and sertraline hydrochloride (SER). The no observed effect concentration-24 h of fluoxetine and sertraline were 1000 μg/L and 450 μg/L, respectively, whereas the median lethal concentration (LC50)-24 h of fluoxetine and sertraline were 1560 μg/L and 507 μg/L, respectively. Both fluoxetine and sertraline caused significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the population growth rate indicating that both antidepressants have a potential adverse effect on life cycle parameters of B. koreanus. The intracellular ROS level and GSH level were significantly modulated (P < 0.05) in response to fluoxetine and sertraline. In addition, antioxidant enzymatic activities have shown significant modulation (P < 0.05) in response to FLX and SER in B. koreanus. Furthermore, transcriptional profiles of antioxidant genes (GSTs, SODs, and GR) have shown modulation in response to FLX compared to SER-exposed B. koreanus. Our results indicate that fluoxetine and sertraline induce oxidative stress, leading to reduction in the population density and modulation of antioxidant defense mechanism in the marine rotifer B. koreanus.

中文翻译：

---

两种抗抑郁药氟西汀和舍曲林在海洋轮虫Brachionus koreanus中引起生长迟缓和氧化应激。

为了了解两种广泛使用的抗抑郁药对海洋轮虫Brachionus koreanus的抗氧化防御机制的影响，我们评估了急性毒性并测量了种群增长，活性氧（ROS）水平，谷胱甘肽（GSH）水平和抗氧化酶活性（GST， GR和SOD）对盐酸氟西汀（FLX）和盐酸舍曲林（SER）的反应。氟西汀和舍曲林的24h未观察到的有效浓度分别为1000μg/ L和450μg/ L，而氟西汀和舍曲林的24h致死浓度中值（LC50）-24 h分别为1560μg/ L和507μg/ L ， 分别。氟西汀和舍曲林均引起种群增长率显着降低（P <0.05），表明这两种抗抑郁药均会对朝鲜双歧杆菌的生命周期参数产生潜在的不利影响。响应氟西汀和舍曲林，细胞内ROS水平和GSH水平受到显着调节（P <0.05）。另外，抗氧化剂的酶活性已显示出对朝鲜双歧杆菌中的FLX和SER有显着的调节作用（P <0.05）。此外，抗氧化基因（GST，SOD和GR）的转录图谱显示，与SER暴露的朝鲜双歧杆菌相比，其对FLX有反应。我们的结果表明，氟西汀和舍曲林会诱导氧化应激，从而导致海洋轮虫B. koreanus中种群密度的降低和抗氧化防御机制的调节。05）响应朝鲜双歧杆菌中的FLX和SER。此外，抗氧化基因（GST，SOD和GR）的转录图谱显示，与SER暴露的朝鲜双歧杆菌相比，其对FLX有反应。我们的结果表明，氟西汀和舍曲林会诱导氧化应激，从而导致海洋轮虫B. koreanus中种群密度的降低和抗氧化防御机制的调节。05）响应朝鲜双歧杆菌中的FLX和SER。此外，抗氧化基因（GST，SOD和GR）的转录图谱显示，与SER暴露的朝鲜双歧杆菌相比，其对FLX有反应。我们的结果表明，氟西汀和舍曲林会诱导氧化应激，从而导致海洋轮虫B. koreanus中种群密度的降低和抗氧化防御机制的调节。