BACKGROUND Studies of U.S. and European samples demonstrate that parental warmth and behavioral control predict child internalizing behaviors and vice versa. However, these patterns have not been researched in other cultures. This study investigates associations between parent warmth and control and three child-reported internalizing behavior clusters to examine this question. METHODS Data from 12 cultural groups in 9 countries were used to investigate prospective bidirectional associations between parental warmth and control, and three child-reported internalizing behavior types: withdrawn/depressed, anxious/depressed, and somatic problems. Multiple-group structural equation modeling was used to analyze associations in children followed from ages 8 to 12. RESULTS Parent warmth and control effects were most pervasive on child-reported withdrawn/depressed problems, somewhat pervasive on anxious/depressed problems and least pervasive on somatic problems. Additionally, parental warmth, as opposed to control, was more consistently associated with child-reported internalizing problems across behavior clusters. Child internalizing behavior effects on parental warmth and control appeared ubiquitously across cultures, and behaviors, but were limited to ages 8-10. Most effects were pancultural, but culture-specific effects emerged at ages 9-10 involving the associations between parent warmth and withdrawn/depressed and somatic behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Effects of parent warmth and control appear stronger on some types of child-reported internalizing behaviors. Associations are especially strong with regard to parental warmth across cultures, and culture-specific effects may be accounted for by cultural normativeness of parent warmth and child-reported somatic symptoms. Child internalizing behavior effects on subsequent parenting are common across cultures.

中文翻译：

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研究了父母的温暖和控制对 9 个国家 12 个文化群体中 8 至 12 岁儿童内化行为群的影响。


背景 对美国和欧洲样本的研究表明，父母的温暖和行为控制可以预测孩子的内化行为，反之亦然。然而，这些模式尚未在其他文化中进行过研究。本研究调查了父母的温暖和控制与三个儿童报告的内化行为集群之间的关联，以检验这个问题。方法 使用来自 9 个国家 12 个文化群体的数据来调查父母的温暖和控制与儿童报告的三种内化行为类型（孤僻/抑郁、焦虑/抑郁和躯体问题）之间的前瞻性双向关联。使用多组结构方程模型来分析 8 至 12 岁儿童的关联。 结果 父母的温暖和控制效应在儿童报告的孤僻/抑郁问题上最为普遍，在焦虑/抑郁问题上有些普遍，在躯体问题上最不普遍。问题。此外，与控制相反，父母的温暖与儿童报告的跨行为集群的内化问题更一致。儿童内化行为对父母温暖和控制的影响在不同文化和行为中普遍存在，但仅限于 8-10 岁。大多数影响是泛文化的，但特定文化的影响出现在 9 至 10 岁之间，涉及父母的温暖与孤僻/抑郁和躯体行为之间的关联。结论 父母的温暖和控制对儿童报告的某些类型的内化行为的影响似乎更强。跨文化的父母温暖之间的关联尤其强烈，文化特异性效应可能是通过父母温暖的文化规范性和儿童报告的躯体症状来解释的。 儿童内化行为对随后养育子女的影响在不同文化中都很常见。