Child maltreatment in the family context is a prevalent and pervasive phenomenon in many modern societies. The global perpetration of child abuse and neglect stands in stark contrast to its almost universal condemnation as exemplified in the United Nation's Convention on the Rights of the Child. Much work has been devoted to the task of prevention, yet a grand synthesis of the literature is missing. Focusing on two core elements of prevention, that is, antecedents for maltreatment and the effectiveness of (preventative) interventions, we performed an umbrella review of meta-analyses published between January 1, 2014, and December 17, 2018. Meta-analyses were systematically collected, assessed, and integrated following a uniform approach to allow their comparison across domains. From this analysis of thousands of studies including almost 1.5 million participants, the following risk factors were derived: parental experience of maltreatment in his or her own childhood (d = .47), low socioeconomic status of the family (d = .34), dependent and aggressive parental personality (d = .45), intimate partner violence (d = .41), and higher baseline autonomic nervous system activity (d = .24). The effect size for autonomic stress reactivity was not significant (d = -.10). The umbrella review of interventions to prevent or reduce child maltreatment showed modest intervention effectiveness (d = .23 for interventions targeting child abuse potential or families with self-reported maltreatment and d = .27 for officially reported child maltreatment cases). Despite numerous studies on child maltreatment, some large gaps in our knowledge of antecedents exist. Neurobiological antecedents should receive more research investment. Differential susceptibility theory may shed more light on questions aimed at breaking the intergenerational transmission of maltreatment and on the modest (preventive) intervention effects. In combination with family-based interaction-focused interventions, large-scale socioeconomic experiments such as cash transfer trials and experiments with vouchers to move to a lower-poverty area might be tested to prevent or reduce child maltreatment. Prevalence, antecedents, and preventive interventions of prenatal maltreatment deserve continuing scientific, clinical, and policy attention.

中文翻译：

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年度研究回顾：对虐待儿童的前因和干预的荟萃分析的综合综合：对风险和复原力的不同易感性观点。

家庭背景下的儿童虐待是许多现代社会普遍存在的现象。全球虐待和忽视儿童的行为与联合国《儿童权利公约》中所体现的几乎普遍谴责形成鲜明对比。很多工作都致力于预防任务，但缺少对文献的全面综合。着眼于预防的两个核心要素，即虐待的前因和（预防性）干预措施的有效性，我们对 2014 年 1 月 1 日至 2018 年 12 月 17 日期间发表的荟萃分析进行了全面审查。荟萃分析系统地按照统一的方法收集、评估和整合，以便跨领域进行比较。通过对数千项研究的分析，包括几乎 1。500 万参与者，得出以下风险因素：父母在其童年时期遭受虐待的经历 (d = .47)、家庭社会经济地位低 (d = .34)、依赖和攻击性的父母个性 (d = . 45)、亲密伴侣暴力 (d = .41) 和较高的基线自主神经系统活动 (d = .24)。自主应激反应的影响大小不显着（d = -.10）。对预防或减少虐待儿童的干预措施的总体审查显示出适度的干预效果（针对潜在虐待儿童或自我报告虐待的家庭的干预措施，d = .23，官方报告的虐待儿童案件的干预措施，d = .27）。尽管有大量关于虐待儿童的研究，但我们对前因的了解仍然存在一些巨大的空白。神经生物学的前身应该得到更多的研究投资。差异易感性理论可能会更清楚地阐明旨在打破虐待代际传递的问题以及适度（预防性）干预效果。结合基于家庭的以互动为重点的干预措施，可以测试大规模的社会经济实验，例如现金转移试验和转移到贫困地区的代金券实验，以防止或减少虐待儿童。产前虐待的患病率、前因和预防干预措施值得持续的科学、临床和政策关注。差异易感性理论可能会更清楚地阐明旨在打破虐待代际传递的问题以及适度（预防性）干预效果。结合基于家庭的以互动为重点的干预措施，可以测试大规模的社会经济实验，例如现金转移试验和转移到贫困地区的代金券实验，以防止或减少虐待儿童。产前虐待的患病率、前因和预防干预措施值得持续的科学、临床和政策关注。差异易感性理论可能会更清楚地阐明旨在打破虐待代际传递的问题以及适度（预防性）干预效果。结合基于家庭的以互动为重点的干预措施，可以测试大规模的社会经济实验，例如现金转移试验和转移到贫困地区的代金券实验，以防止或减少虐待儿童。产前虐待的患病率、前因和预防干预措施值得持续的科学、临床和政策关注。