Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are often characterised by sleep problems, and recent evidence indicates alterations of the sleep electroencephalographic (EEG) oscillations in these patients. Sleep microstructure plays a crucial role in cognitive functioning and brain maturation. In this view, modifications in sleep EEG oscillations in NDDs could further impair the cognitive maturation process in these patients. We provide an overview of sleep microstructure alterations observed in three NDDs without intellectual disabilities (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, high-functioning autism/Asperger syndrome and developmental dyslexia) and their relationships with the disorders' phenomenology. For each NDD, we discuss empirical evidence of altered EEG oscillations, and we consider their interaction with patients' cognitive and behavioural functioning, with the aim to elucidate their functional meaning. We highlight the limits of the present literature and propose possible future directions while underlining the clinical relevance of the research in this field. Beyond confirming the importance of sleep management in atypically developing children, the review findings suggest that sleep EEG oscillations in NDDs could become a target for specific clinical intervention.

神经发育障碍（NDD）通常以睡眠问题为特征，最近的证据表明这些患者的睡眠脑电图（EEG）振荡发生了改变。睡眠微结构在认知功能和大脑成熟中起着至关重要的作用。根据这种观点，NDD中睡眠脑电图振荡的改变可能会进一步损害这些患者的认知成熟过程。我们概述了在无智力障碍（注意缺陷/多动障碍，高功能自闭症/阿斯伯格综合症和发育困难的阅读障碍）的三个NDD中观察到的睡眠微观结构变化及其与疾病现象学的关系。对于每个NDD，我们都讨论了EEG振荡改变的经验证据，并考虑了它们与患者脑卒中的相互作用。认知和行为功能，旨在阐明其功能含义。我们强调当前文献的局限性，并提出可能的未来方向，同时强调该领域研究的临床意义。审查发现除了证实了睡眠管理在非典型发育中儿童中的重要性外，该研究结果还表明，NDD中的睡眠脑电图振荡可能成为特定临床干预的目标。