Rumination has been conceptualized as a stable, trait-level response style involving repetitive and passive focus on the symptoms of distress and the possible causes and consequences of those symptoms. This theoretical review examines developmental risk factors of ruminative response style, incorporating a developmental psychopathology perspective. A model integrating these developmental factors within a conceptual framework is proposed, wherein risk factors for distress (i.e., temperamental negative affectivity, stressful environments, parenting, and genetic vulnerability) lead to engagement in rumination. We propose that when rumination is well-practiced, it will consolidate into a trait-like response style, especially among adolescents who experience cognitive control deficits. Reciprocal relationships and moderators that may contribute to the formation of a ruminative response style are also included. To understand how these factors converge and influence the formation of ruminative response styles, we review patterns of stability and change in physical and cognitive development to demonstrate that individual differences in rumination may emerge and consolidate into enduring, trait-level response styles during early adolescence.

反思已被概念化为一种稳定的，特质水平的应对方式，涉及重复和被动地关注苦恼的症状以及这些症状的可能原因和后果。这篇理论综述考察了反刍反应风格的发展风险因素，并结合了发展心理病理学的观点。提出了在概念框架内整合这些发展因素的模型，其中困扰的风险因素（即，气质负面情感，压力环境，育儿和遗传易感性）导致参与反刍。我们建议，如果反省得当，它将巩固为特质样的反应方式，尤其是在经历认知控制缺陷的青少年中。还包括可能有助于反刍反应风格形成的对等关系和调节者。为了了解这些因素如何聚合并影响反刍反应反应样式的形成，我们回顾了稳定性和身体和认知发展变化的模式，以证明反刍的个体差异可能会出现，并在青春期初期巩固为持久的，特质水平的反应样式。