Abstract The paper describes historic origins of p values via the work of Fisher, and the competing approach by Neyman and Pearson. Concepts of type 1 and type 2 errors, false positive rates, power, and prevalence are also defined, and the merger of the two approaches via the Null Hypothesis Significance Test. The relationship between p values and false detection rate is discussed. The reproducibility of p values is described. The current controversy over the use of p values and significance tests is introduced.

中文翻译：

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p值和相关概念的使用和误用

摘要 本文通过 Fisher 的工作以及 Neyman 和 Pearson 的竞争方法描述了 p 值的历史起源。还定义了 1 类和 2 类错误、假阳性率、功效和流行率的概念，并通过零假设显着性检验合并了两种方法。讨论了 p 值和误检率之间的关系。描述了 p 值的再现性。介绍了当前关于使用 p 值和显着性检验的争议。