BACKGROUND AND AIMS Reinforcing value, an index of motivation for a drug, is commonly measured using behavioral economic purchase tasks. State-oriented purchase tasks are sensitive to phasic manipulations, but with heterogeneous methods and findings. The aim of this meta-analysis was to characterize the literature examining manipulations of reinforcing value, as measured by purchase tasks and multiple-choice procedures, to inform etiological models and treatment approaches. METHODS A random effects meta-analysis of published findings in peer-reviewed articles. Following the PRISMA protocol, studies were gathered through searches in PsycINFO and PubMed/MEDLINE (published as of May 22, 2018). Searches returned 34 unique studies (aggregate sample N = 2,402; average sample size = 68.94) yielding 126 effect sizes. Measurements included change (i.e., Cohen's d) in six behavioral economic indices (intensity, breakpoint, Omax , Pmax , elasticity, crossover point) in relation to six experimental manipulations (cue exposure, stress/negative affect, reinforcer magnitude, pharmacotherapy, behavioral interventions, opportunity cost). RESULTS Cue exposure (d range = .25 to .44, all ps < .05) and reinforcer magnitude (d = .60; 95% CI = 0.18, 1.01; p < .005) manipulations resulted in significant increases in behavioral economic demand across studies. Stress/negative affect manipulations also resulted in a small, significant increase in Omax (d = .18; 95% CI = 0.01, 0.34; p = .03); all other effect sizes for negative affect/stress were nonsignificant, albeit similar in size (d range = .14 to.18). In contrast, pharmacotherapy (d range = -.37 to -.49; ps < .04), behavioral intervention (d = -.36 to -1.13) and external contingency (d = -1.42; CI = -2.30, -.0.54; p = .002) manipulations resulted in a significant decrease in intensity. Moderators (substance type) explained some of the heterogeneity in findings across meta-analyses. CONCLUSIONS In behavioral economic studies, purchase tasks and multiple-choice procedures appear to provide indices that are sensitive to manipulations found to influence motivation to consume addictive substances in field experiments.

中文翻译：

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成瘾商品行为经济需求的实验操作：元分析

背景和目的强化价值，一种药物的动机指数，通常使用行为经济购买任务来衡量。面向状态的购买任务对阶段性操作很敏感，但方法和结果各不相同。这项荟萃分析的目的是描述通过购买任务和多项选择程序衡量的加强价值操作的文献特征，以告知病因模型和治疗方法。方法 对同行评审文章中发表的发现进行随机效应荟萃分析。按照 PRISMA 协议，通过在 PsycINFO 和 PubMed/MEDLINE（截至 2018 年 5 月 22 日发布）中的搜索收集研究。搜索返回 34 个独特的研究（总样本 N = 2,402；平均样本大小 = 68.94），产生 126 个效应大小。测量包括变化（即，Cohen's d) 与六种实验操作（提示暴露、压力/负面影响、强化物幅度、药物疗法、行为干预、机会成本）相关的六种行为经济指标（强度、断点、Omax、Pmax、弹性、交叉点）。结果提示暴露（d 范围 = .25 到 .44，所有 ps < .05）和强化物幅度（d = .60；95% CI = 0.18, 1.01；p < .005）操作导致行为经济需求显着增加跨研究。压力/负面影响操作也导致 Omax 小幅显着增加（d = .18；95% CI = 0.01, 0.34；p = .03）；负面影响/压力的所有其他影响大小均不显着，尽管大小相似（d 范围 = .14 至.18）。相比之下，药物治疗（d 范围 = -.37 至 -.49；ps < .04）、行为干预（d = -. 36 至 -1.13）和外部意外事件（d = -1.42；CI = -2.30，-.0.54；p = .002）操作导致强度显着降低。主持人（物质类型）解释了荟萃分析结果中的一些异质性。结论 在行为经济学研究中，购买任务和多项选择程序似乎提供了对在现场实验中发现影响消费成瘾物质的动机的操作敏感的指标。