Abstract This research investigated the photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin by titanium dioxide nanoparticles immobilized on a glass plate in an aqueous solution. The important point about this process is immobilization on glass plate, which resolves difficulties related to separation of catalysts from the solution in the application of sole nanoparticles as well as reusability of nanoparticles. Application of nanoparticles without immobilization on a support medium causes toxic effects in aqueous solutions, which was fixed through immobilization on a glass plate in this study. In this research, 1 gL−1 of TiO2 was immobilized on a glass plate. XRD and SEM indicated that the TiO2 immobilized on the glass plate was highly pure and uniform in size (39.2–74.9 nm). The maximum ciprofloxacin removal efficiency from the synthetic aqueous solution was obtained at the optimal pH of 5, contact time of 105 min, and ciprofloxacin initial concentration of 3 mgL−1. The extent of ciprofloxacin removed under optimal conditions was obtained as 92.81% and 86.57% from the synthetic and real samples, respectively. Evaluation of linear models of kinetics and adsorption isotherms indicated that the data followed pseudo-first-order kinetics as well as Langmuir–Hinshelwood and Freundlich isotherms. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the adsorption of ciprofloxacin on TiO2 nanoparticles immobilized on glass plate is an endothermic and physical process. Considering the high efficiency of this process under real conditions, it can be used for the removal of resistant pollutants from industrial wastewater.

中文翻译：

---

固定在玻璃板上的TiO2纳米颗粒光催化降解环丙沙星抗生素

摘要 本研究研究了固定在玻璃板上的二氧化钛纳米颗粒在水溶液中对环丙沙星的光催化降解。这个过程的重点是固定在玻璃板上，它解决了在单一纳米粒子的应用中催化剂从溶液中分离以及纳米粒子的可重复使用性相关的困难。在载体介质上未固定的纳米颗粒的应用会导致水溶液中的毒性作用，在本研究中通过固定在玻璃板上。在这项研究中，将 1 gL-1 的 TiO2 固定在玻璃板上。XRD 和 SEM 表明固定在玻璃板上的 TiO2 纯度高且尺寸均匀（39.2-74.9 nm）。在最佳 pH 值为 5、接触时间为 105 分钟和环丙沙星初始浓度为 3 mgL−1 时，从合成水溶液中去除环丙沙星的效率最高。在最佳条件下，合成样品和真实样品的环丙沙星去除率分别为 92.81% 和 86.57%。动力学和吸附等温线的线性模型的评估表明，数据遵循伪一级动力学以及 Langmuir-Hinshelwood 和 Freundlich 等温线。热力学研究表明，环丙沙星对固定在玻璃板上的 TiO2 纳米颗粒的吸附是一个吸热和物理过程。考虑到该工艺在实际条件下的高效性，可用于工业废水中耐药性污染物的去除。