Women comprise over 80% of the affected individuals for many autoimmune conditions. Although sex-specific differences in sex hormones are thought to contribute to the female predisposition to autoimmunity, emerging evidence also suggests an intriguing role of both physiological and dysregulated X-chromosome inactivation. Furthermore, recent studies have demonstrated that many immune genes encoded on the X chromosome are expressed biallelically, and the contribution of these sex-specific differences in immune gene dosage to autoimmunity remains to be fully explored. This review highlights recent developments in this field and discusses questions that remain unanswered.

中文翻译：

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妇女自身免疫：现有模型的证明。

在许多自身免疫性疾病中，妇女占受影响个体的80％以上。尽管人们认为性激素的性别特异性差异是导致女性自身免疫易感性的原因，但新出现的证据也表明，生理性和失调的X染色体失活都具有诱人的作用。此外，最近的研究表明，许多X染色体上编码的免疫基因都是双等位基因表达的，这些性别特异性差异在免疫基因剂量中对自身免疫的贡献尚待充分研究。这篇评论重点介绍了该领域的最新发展，并讨论了仍未解决的问题。