Plasmodium vivax infection, the predominant cause of malaria in Asia and Latin America, affects ~14 million individuals annually, with considerable adverse effects on wellbeing and socioeconomic development. A clinical hallmark of Plasmodium infection, the paroxysm, is driven by pyrogenic cytokines produced during the immune response. Here, we review studies on the role of specific immune cell types, cognate innate immune receptors, and inflammatory cytokines on parasite control and disease symptoms. This review also summarizes studies on recurrent infections in individuals living in endemic regions as well as asymptomatic infections, a serious barrier to eliminating this disease. We propose potential mechanisms behind these repeated and subclinical infections, such as poor induction of immunological memory cells and inefficient T effector cells. We address the role of antibody-mediated resistance to P. vivax infection and discuss current progress in vaccine development. Finally, we review immunoregulatory mechanisms, such as inhibitory receptors, T regulatory cells, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, that antagonizes both innate and acquired immune responses, interfering with the development of protective immunity and parasite clearance. These studies provide new insights for the clinical management of symptomatic as well as asymptomatic individuals and the development of an efficacious vaccine for vivax malaria.

中文翻译：

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间日疟原虫疟疾的免疫学。

间日疟原虫感染是亚洲和拉丁美洲疟疾的主要原因，每年影响约 1400 万人，对福祉和社会经济发展产生相当大的不利影响。疟原虫感染的临床标志，即发作，是由免疫反应过程中产生的致热细胞因子驱动的。在这里，我们回顾了关于特定免疫细胞类型、同源先天免疫受体和炎性细胞因子对寄生虫控制和疾病症状的作用的研究。这篇综述还总结了对生活在流行地区的个体反复感染以及无症状感染的研究，这是消除这种疾病的严重障碍。我们提出了这些重复和亚临床感染背后的潜在机制，例如免疫记忆细胞诱导不良和 T 效应细胞效率低下。我们解决了抗体介导的间日疟原虫感染抗性的作用，并讨论了疫苗开发的当前进展。最后，我们回顾了免疫调节机制，例如抑制性受体、T 调节细胞和抗炎细胞因子 IL-10，它们拮抗先天性和获得性免疫反应，干扰保护性免疫和寄生虫清除的发展。这些研究为有症状和无症状个体的临床管理以及开发有效的间日疟疫苗提供了新的见解。拮抗先天性和后天性免疫反应，干扰保护性免疫和寄生虫清除的发展。这些研究为有症状和无症状个体的临床管理以及开发有效的间日疟疫苗提供了新的见解。拮抗先天性和后天性免疫反应，干扰保护性免疫和寄生虫清除的发展。这些研究为有症状和无症状个体的临床管理以及开发有效的间日疟疫苗提供了新的见解。