Understanding of flow barriers in a saline aquifer evaluated for geological storage of carbon dioxide is the key point for decision making and designing injection operations. The barriers may significantly limit injection capacity, while their dynamic behavior during the operational phase, like fault reactivation and leakage out of the target formation, may cause unexpected completion of injection phase and have negative environmental consequences. The pressure data obtained in real-time during well testing and main phase of injection with installation of Permanent Downhole Gauges (PDG) may be utilized to characterize and monitor reservoir boundary conditions. Here, Pressure Transient Analysis (PTA) can be employed as interpretation tool.

In this work, the case of faults acting as flow barriers including scenarios of sealing and leaking faults is studied using the history of CO₂ injection into the Tubåen formation of the Snøhvit field as testing data set. The paper starts from answering general questions on applicability of PTA for CO₂ injection, related to capabilities and limitations of single-phase flow models. It continues with suggesting and testing approximate approaches to improve the capabilities of such models to deal with CO₂ injection cases (brine replica). Finally, an integrated workflow (or a technology, if combined with well surveillance system) for characterizing and monitoring flow barriers in geological storage projects is suggested. This workflow uses advantages of the models above for real-time data analysis. The paper concludes with recommendations for pre-injection well testing and surveillance during main injection phase, closing the loop with application guidelines.

了解评估用于二氧化碳地质储存的盐水含水层中的流动障碍是决策和设计注入作业的关键点。障碍可能会严重限制注入能力，而它们在操作阶段的动态行为（例如断层再激活和从目标地层漏出）可能会导致注入阶段意外完成，并对环境造成负面影响。在油井测试期间以及在安装永久性井下压力表（PDG）的注入主阶段实时获得的压力数据可用于表征和监测储层边界条件。此处，压力瞬变分析（PTA）可以用作解释工具。

在这项工作中，以向Snøhvit油田的Tubåen地层中注入CO ₂的历史作为测试数据集，研究了断层作为渗流屏障的情况，包括密封和泄漏断层的情况。本文从回答有关PTA在CO ₂注入中的适用性的一般性问题开始，这些问题与单相流模型的功能和局限性有关。它继续建议和测试近似方法，以提高此类模型处理CO ₂的能力。注射盒（盐水复制品）。最后，提出了用于表征和监测地质存储项目中的流动障碍的集成工作流程（或一种技术，如果与井监控系统相结合）。该工作流程利用上述模型的优势进行实时数据分析。本文最后提出了在主注水阶段进行注水前井测试和监测的建议，并根据应用指南进行了闭环。