Abstract Barley, Hordeum vulgare L., was first domesticated at about 8000 BCE. Throughout the domestication process, selection in the wild species resulted in the loss of seed shattering, minimization of seed dormancy, and an increase in both seed size and number. Three critical domestication traits were a non-brittle rachis, a six-rowed spike, and a naked caryopsis. After primary domestication, some adaptive traits subsequently developed, such as shortened seed dormancy and early flowering time, which are probably associated with genetic mutations affecting protein structure and function. Multiple genetic pathways formed a complex regulatory network due to interactions between the pathways. Recent studies on barley domestication genes have provided a framework for understanding how these traits evolved and have revealed that drastic changes in gene function occurred during domestication. In this paper, we review the current molecular insights into H. vulgare domestication and discuss the domestication genes that underlie morphological trait changes in the evolutionary history of barley.

中文翻译：

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大麦驯化的分子洞察 (Hordeum vulgare L.)

摘要 Barley, Hordeum vulgare L.，在公元前 8000 年左右首次被驯化。在整个驯化过程中，野生物种的选择导致种子破碎的损失、种子休眠的最小化以及种子大小和数量的增加。三个关键的驯化性状是非脆性轴、六行穗和裸颖。初级驯化后，随后发展出一些适应性性状，如种子休眠期缩短和开花时间提前，这可能与影响蛋白质结构和功能的基因突变有关。由于通路之间的相互作用，多个遗传通路形成了复杂的调控网络。最近对大麦驯化基因的研究为理解这些性状如何进化提供了一个框架，并揭示了在驯化过程中基因功能发生了剧烈变化。在本文中，我们回顾了目前对 H. vulgare 驯化的分子见解，并讨论了作为大麦进化史形态特征变化基础的驯化基因。