The current model of the basal ganglia system based on the 'direct', 'indirect' and 'hyperdirect' pathways provides striking predictions about basal ganglia function that have been used to develop deep brain stimulation approaches for Parkinson's disease and dystonia. The aim of this review is to challenge this scheme in light of new tract tracing information that has recently become available from the human brain using MRI-based tractography, thus providing a novel perspective on the basal ganglia system. We also explore the implications of additional direct pathways running from cortex to basal ganglia and between basal ganglia and cerebellum in the pathophysiology of movement disorders.

中文翻译：

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皮质-基底-小脑连接组的新见解：临床和生理方面的考虑。

当前基于“直接”，“间接”和“超直接”途径的基底神经节系统模型提供了有关基底神经节功能的惊人预测，这些预测已被用于开发针对帕金森氏病和肌张力障碍的深层脑刺激方法。这项审查的目的是根据新的道追踪信息对这种方案提出挑战，该信息最近已经可以使用基于MRI的道谱从人脑获得，从而为基底神经节系统提供了新颖的视角。我们还探讨了从皮质到基底神经节以及基底神经节和小脑之间的其他直接通路在运动障碍病理生理中的意义。