Calanus hyperboreus is the largest copepod and a key species in the Arctic food web. During the spring bloom, C. hyperboreus builds up large lipid reserves, which enable it to survive and produce eggs during overwintering. The ecological effects of oil exposure on overwintering C. hyperboreus are unknown. The present study empirically tested if exposure to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pyrene from crude oil affects the survival, egg production, and hatching success of overwintering C. hyperboreus. We also tested the delayed effects on faecal pellet production and lipid recovery in clean seawater. Direct exposure did not reduce survival and egg production, but reduced hatching success 3-18 times by the end of the exposure period. Remarkably, we documented strong delayed effects of pyrene on faecal pellet production and the recovery of lipid reserves. The current study reveals a high vulnerability of this key species of Arctic zooplankton to oil exposure during winter. Together with our previous study on C. glacialis, we complete the picture of the impact of oil on the largest and most lipid-rich copepod C. hyperboreus, which potentially can have huge ecological consequences for the fragile Arctic marine food web.

中文翻译：

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越冬期间of暴露对北极co足类Calanus hyperboreus的延迟影响。

Canous hyperboreus是最大的pe足类动物，是北极食物网中的关键物种。在春季开花期间，C。hyperboreus积累了大量的脂质储备，使其能够在越冬期间生存并产卵。暴露于油对越冬梭菌的生态影响尚不清楚。本研究经验性地测试了原油暴露于多环芳烃（PAH）if是否会影响越冬梭状芽孢杆菌的存活，产蛋量和孵化成功率。我们还测试了清洁海水对粪便颗粒生产和脂质回收的延迟影响。直接接触并没有减少存活率和产蛋量，但是到接触期结束时，孵化成功率降低了3-18倍。值得注意的是 我们记录了pyr对粪便颗粒生产和脂质储备恢复的强烈延迟作用。目前的研究表明，北极浮游动物的这一关键物种在冬季极易受到油脂的影响。结合我们先前对冰河梭菌的研究，我们完成了油对最大和最富脂质的co足类超鲍氏梭菌（C. hyperboreus）的影响的图景，这可能会对脆弱的北极海洋食物网产生巨大的生态影响。