Potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) are promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to low-cost and abundant potassium resources. However, the large volume expansion and inevitable electrode pulverization during cycling are the urgent problems to be solved. Herein, the Sn element is introduced to form Sn-doped V₂O₅ (denoted as SDVO) via partially replacing V with Sn. Strong (001) facet-induced growth promotes the conversion of V₂O₅ from nanoparticles to nanosheets. The multi-hierarchical structure is composed of a primary mesoporous structure, secondary SDVO nanosheets and a tertiary three-dimensional (3D) tremella-like nanostructure. Notably, the 3D tremella-like nanostructure assembled from two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets can curb the volume expansion of V₂O₅. Furthermore, the tremella-like architecture with abundant mesopores and a large surface area can reduce the transmission path of K ions and increase the reaction active sites. First-principles calculations show that Sn doping can induce the preferred orientation of the (001) crystal facet in V₂O₅ and improve the overall electronic conductivity of SDVO. Benefiting from these designed features, the SDVO composite with an optimized electrolyte exhibits a high capacity of 308 mA h g⁻¹ at 0.1 A g⁻¹ after 150 cycles and excellent cycle stability of 188 mA h g⁻¹ even after 3000 cycles at 0.5 A g⁻¹.

中文翻译：

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用于高性能钾离子电池的 强（001）面诱导的多级银耳状Sn掺杂V ₂ O _5的生长†

钾离子电池（KIBs）因其低成本和丰富的钾资源而成为锂离子电池（LIBs）的有前途的替代品。然而，循环期间的大体积膨胀和不可避免的电极粉化是亟待解决的问题。在此，通过部分地将V置换为Sn而引入Sn元素，从而形成Sn掺杂的V ₂ O ₅（记为SDVO）。强烈的（001）面诱导生长促进V ₂ O ₅的转化从纳米颗粒到纳米片。多层结构由一级介孔结构，二级SDVO纳米片和三级银耳（3D）银耳状纳米结构组成。值得注意的是，由二维（2D）纳米片组装而成的3D银耳状纳米结构可以抑制V ₂ O ₅的体积膨胀。此外，具有丰富的中孔和大表面积的银耳状结构可以减少钾离子的传输路径并增加反应活性位点。第一性原理计算表明，Sn掺杂可以诱导V ₂ O _5中（001）晶面的择优取向并提高SDVO的整体电子电导率。得益于这些设计功能，具有优化电解质的SDVO复合材料在150次循环后在0.1 A g ^-1下表现出308 mA hg ^-1的高容量，即使在0.5 A g下进行了3000次循环后仍具有188 mA hg ^-1的出色循环稳定性。^-1。