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Fructose metabolism as a common evolutionary pathway of survival associated with climate change, food shortage and droughts.
Journal of Internal Medicine ( IF 9.0 ) Pub Date : 2019-10-17 , DOI: 10.1111/joim.12993 R J Johnson 1 , P Stenvinkel 2 , P Andrews 3 , L G Sánchez-Lozada 4 , T Nakagawa 5 , E Gaucher 6 , A Andres-Hernando 1 , B Rodriguez-Iturbe 4 , C R Jimenez 1 , G Garcia 1 , D-H Kang 7 , D R Tolan 8 , M A Lanaspa 1
Journal of Internal Medicine ( IF 9.0 ) Pub Date : 2019-10-17 , DOI: 10.1111/joim.12993 R J Johnson 1 , P Stenvinkel 2 , P Andrews 3 , L G Sánchez-Lozada 4 , T Nakagawa 5 , E Gaucher 6 , A Andres-Hernando 1 , B Rodriguez-Iturbe 4 , C R Jimenez 1 , G Garcia 1 , D-H Kang 7 , D R Tolan 8 , M A Lanaspa 1
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Mass extinctions occur frequently in natural history. While studies of animals that became extinct can be informative, it is the survivors that provide clues for mechanisms of adaptation when conditions are adverse. Here, we describe a survival pathway used by many species as a means for providing adequate fuel and water, while also providing protection from a decrease in oxygen availability. Fructose, whether supplied in the diet (primarily fruits and honey), or endogenously (via activation of the polyol pathway), preferentially shifts the organism towards the storing of fuel (fat, glycogen) that can be used to provide energy and water at a later date. Fructose causes sodium retention and raises blood pressure and likely helped survival in the setting of dehydration or salt deprivation. By shifting energy production from the mitochondria to glycolysis, fructose reduced oxygen demands to aid survival in situations where oxygen availability is low. The actions of fructose are driven in part by vasopressin and the generation of uric acid. Twice in history, mutations occurred during periods of mass extinction that enhanced the activity of fructose to generate fat, with the first being a mutation in vitamin C metabolism during the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction (65 million years ago) and the second being a mutation in uricase that occurred during the Middle Miocene disruption (12-14 million years ago). Today, the excessive intake of fructose due to the availability of refined sugar and high-fructose corn syrup is driving 'burden of life style' diseases, including obesity, diabetes and high blood pressure.
中文翻译：
果糖代谢是与气候变化、粮食短缺和干旱相关的常见生存进化途径。
自然历史中经常发生大规模灭绝。虽然对灭绝动物的研究可以提供丰富的信息，但幸存者为了解不利条件下的适应机制提供了线索。在这里，我们描述了许多物种使用的生存途径，作为提供充足燃料和水的手段，同时还提供防止氧气供应减少的保护。果糖，无论是通过饮食（主要是水果和蜂蜜）提供，还是内源性提供（通过多元醇途径的激活），都会优先使生物体转向储存燃料（脂肪、糖原），这些燃料可用于以一定的速度提供能量和水。稍后的日期。果糖会导致钠潴留并升高血压，并可能有助于在脱水或缺盐的情况下生存。通过将能量生产从线粒体转移到糖酵解，果糖减少了氧气需求，有助于在氧气供应量低的情况下生存。果糖的作用部分是由加压素和尿酸的产生驱动的。历史上，大灭绝期间发生了两次突变，增强了果糖生成脂肪的活性，第一次是白垩纪-古近纪灭绝期间（6500万年前）维生素C代谢的突变，第二次是维生素C代谢的突变。尿酸酶发生在中中新世破坏期间（12-1400万年前）。如今，由于精制糖和高果糖玉米糖浆的存在而导致的果糖摄入过多，正在加剧“生活方式负担”疾病，包括肥胖、糖尿病和高血压。
更新日期：2019-11-01
中文翻译：
果糖代谢是与气候变化、粮食短缺和干旱相关的常见生存进化途径。
自然历史中经常发生大规模灭绝。虽然对灭绝动物的研究可以提供丰富的信息，但幸存者为了解不利条件下的适应机制提供了线索。在这里，我们描述了许多物种使用的生存途径，作为提供充足燃料和水的手段，同时还提供防止氧气供应减少的保护。果糖，无论是通过饮食（主要是水果和蜂蜜）提供，还是内源性提供（通过多元醇途径的激活），都会优先使生物体转向储存燃料（脂肪、糖原），这些燃料可用于以一定的速度提供能量和水。稍后的日期。果糖会导致钠潴留并升高血压，并可能有助于在脱水或缺盐的情况下生存。通过将能量生产从线粒体转移到糖酵解，果糖减少了氧气需求，有助于在氧气供应量低的情况下生存。果糖的作用部分是由加压素和尿酸的产生驱动的。历史上，大灭绝期间发生了两次突变，增强了果糖生成脂肪的活性，第一次是白垩纪-古近纪灭绝期间（6500万年前）维生素C代谢的突变，第二次是维生素C代谢的突变。尿酸酶发生在中中新世破坏期间（12-1400万年前）。如今，由于精制糖和高果糖玉米糖浆的存在而导致的果糖摄入过多，正在加剧“生活方式负担”疾病，包括肥胖、糖尿病和高血压。
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