Inactivated influenza virus vaccines (IIVs) have been in use for more than 70 years with no major changes in the underlying technology. Limitations of these vaccines include the long production cycle, which requires strain selection well in advance of their use; provision of only moderate protection when vaccine strains match circulating strains; protection that wanes quickly; potential issues with repeated annual immunisation, such as reduced haemagglutination-inhibition boosting and protection from infection; and no protection against novel outbreak or pandemic strains. IIVs primarily work by stimulating antibodies against the head domain of the haemagglutinin protein, but these antibodies are undermined by rapid antigenic drift in circulating strains. Therefore, improvements in influenza vaccine design are urgently needed.

中文翻译：

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将流感疫苗学转向头上以揭开茎。

灭活流感病毒疫苗（IIV）已使用70多年，而基础技术没有重大变化。这些疫苗的局限性包括生产周期长，需要在使用前充分选择菌株。当疫苗株与循环株相匹配时，仅提供适度的保护；迅速消失的保护；每年重复免疫的潜在问题，例如减少血凝抑制作用的增强和防止感染；也没有针对新的爆发或大流行毒株的防护措施。IIV主要通过刺激针对血凝素蛋白头部结构的抗体发挥作用，但这些抗体会因循环菌株中的快速抗原漂移而受到破坏。因此，迫切需要改进流感疫苗设计。