The trillions of microorganisms in the gut microbiome have attracted much attention recently owing to their sophisticated and widespread impacts on numerous aspects of host pathophysiology. Remarkable progress in large-scale sequencing and mass spectrometry has increased our understanding of the influence of the microbiome and/or its metabolites on the onset and progression of extraintestinal cancers and the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Given the plasticity in microbial composition and function, microbial-based therapeutic interventions, including dietary modulation, prebiotics, and probiotics, as well as fecal microbial transplantation, potentially permit the development of novel strategies for cancer therapy to improve clinical outcomes. Herein, we summarize the latest evidence on the involvement of the gut microbiome in host immunity and metabolism, the effects of the microbiome on extraintestinal cancers and the immune response, and strategies to modulate the gut microbiome, and we discuss ongoing studies and future areas of research that deserve focused research efforts.

肠道微生物组中数万亿的微生物最近引起了人们的广泛关注，因为它们对宿主病理生理学的许多方面都有复杂而广泛的影响。大规模测序和质谱分析的显着进展增加了我们对微生物组和/或其代谢物对肠外癌症发生和进展的影响以及癌症免疫治疗疗效的了解。鉴于微生物组成和功能的可塑性，基于微生物的治疗干预措施，包括饮食调节、益生元和益生菌，以及粪便微生物移植，可能允许开发新的癌症治疗策略，以改善临床结果。在此，我们总结了肠道微生物组参与宿主免疫和代谢、微生物组对肠外癌症和免疫反应的影响以及调节肠道微生物组的策略的最新证据，并讨论了正在进行的研究和未来领域值得重点研究的研究。