Land-management options for greenhouse gas removal (GGR) include afforestation or reforestation (AR), wetland restoration, soil carbon sequestration (SCS), biochar, terrestrial enhanced weathering (TEW), and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). We assess the opportunities and risks associated with these options through the lens of their potential impacts on ecosystem services (Nature's Contributions to People; NCPs) and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We find that all land-based GGR options contribute positively to at least some NCPs and SDGs. Wetland restoration and SCS almost exclusively deliver positive impacts. A few GGR options, such as afforestation, BECCS, and biochar potentially impact negatively some NCPs and SDGs, particularly when implemented at scale, largely through competition for land. For those that present risks or are least understood, more research is required, and demonstration projects need to proceed with caution. For options that present low risks and provide cobenefits, implementation can proceed more rapidly following no-regrets principles.

中文翻译：

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陆基温室气体清除方案对生态系统服务和联合国可持续发展目标的影响

去除温室气体 (GGR) 的土地管理选项包括植树造林或重新造林 (AR)、湿地恢复、土壤碳固存 (SCS)、生物炭、陆地增强风化 (TEW) 以及具有碳捕获和储存功能的生物能源 (BECCS)。我们通过这些选项对生态系统服务（自然对人类的贡献；NCP）和联合国可持续发展目标 (SDG) 的潜在影响来评估与这些选项相关的机遇和风险。我们发现所有基于陆地的 GGR 选项至少对某些 NCP 和 SDG 做出了积极贡献。湿地恢复和 SCS 几乎只会产生积极影响。一些 GGR 选项，例如植树造林、BECCS 和生物炭，可能会对某些 NCP 和 SDG 产生负面影响，尤其是在大规模实施时，主要是通过土地竞争。对于那些存在风险或了解最少的项目，需要更多的研究，示范项目需要谨慎进行。对于风险低并提供协同效益的选项，可以按照无悔原则更快地实施。