Cardiovascular 3-dimensional printing refers to the fabrication of patients’ specific cardiac anatomic replicas based on volumetric imaging data sets obtained by echocardiography, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging. It enables advanced visualization and enhanced anatomic and sometimes hemodynamic understanding and also improves procedural planning and allows interventional simulation. Also, it is helpful in communication with patients and trainees. These key advantages have led to its broad use in the field of cardiology ranging from congenital to vascular and valvular disease, particularly in structural heart interventions, where many emerging technologies are being developed and tested. This review summarizes the process of 3-dimensional printing and the workflow from imaging acquisition to model generation and discusses the cardiac applications of 3-dimensional printing focusing on its use in percutaneous structural interventions, where procedural planning now commonly relies on 3-dimensional printed models.

中文翻译：

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三维打印在经皮心脏结构介入中的应用。

心血管3维打印是指根据通过超声心动图，计算机断层扫描或磁共振成像获得的体积成像数据集来制造患者特定的心脏解剖副本。它使高级可视化和增强的解剖学以及有时对血流动力学的理解成为可能，并且还改善了程序规划，并允许进行介入模拟。此外，它在与患者和受训者进行交流方面也很有帮助。这些关键优势已使其广泛用于从先天性到血管性和瓣膜性疾病的心脏病学领域，尤其是在心脏结构干预中，正在开发和测试许多新兴技术。