Cellular reprogramming experiments from somatic cell types have demonstrated the plasticity of terminally differentiated cell states. Recent efforts in understanding the mechanisms of cellular reprogramming have begun to elucidate the differentiation trajectories along the reprogramming processes. In this review, we focus mainly on direct reprogramming strategies by transcription factors and highlight the variables that contribute to cell fate conversion outcomes. We review key studies that shed light on the cellular and molecular mechanisms by investigating differentiation trajectories and alternative cell states as well as transcription factor regulatory activities during cell fate reprogramming. Finally, we highlight a few concepts that we believe require attention, particularly when measuring the success of cell reprogramming experiments.

中文翻译：

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单元重编程：通往成功的许多道路。

来自体细胞类型的细胞重编程实验已经证明了终末分化细胞状态的可塑性。最近对理解细胞重编程机制的努力已开始阐明沿重编程过程的分化轨迹。在这篇综述中，我们主要关注转录因子的直接重编程策略，并重点介绍有助于细胞命运转换结果的变量。我们审查通过研究分化轨迹和替代细胞状态以及细胞命运重编程过程中的转录因子调节活性，阐明细胞和分子机制的关键研究。最后，我们重点介绍一些我们认为需要注意的概念，尤其是在测量细胞重编程实验的成功率时。