Functional mesoporous materials with multilevel architectures, ranging from 0D to 3D, are typically prepared using surfactant-templating methods. In these methods, surfactants first form single micelles or aggregated micelles, which then assemble with precursors or oligomers to form ordered mesostructures on interfaces. In this Review, we outline the preparation of single-micelle architectures and the single-micelle-directed synthesis of mesoporous materials, including low-dimensional and 3D mesostructures, as well as hierarchical and asymmetric mesostructures directed by the single-micelle assembly. A range of architectures have been prepared via single-micelle assembly, for example, single-micelle porous liquids, single-layered mesoporous nanosheets, single-crystal mesoporous nanoparticles and Janus mesoporous nanocomposites. Using microscopic techniques such as cryo-electron microscopy, single micelles can now be directly observed. Such techniques improve our understanding of the formation processes of the single micelles, the assemblies of micelles and, as a result, the ordered mesoporous materials. The limitations of multilevel, functional mesoporous materials created by single-micelle assembly and future research directions are also discussed.

通常使用表面活性剂模板方法制备具有0D到3D范围的多层结构的功能性介孔材料。在这些方法中，表面活性剂首先形成单个胶束或聚集的胶束，然后与前体或低聚物组装以在界面上形成有序的介孔结构。在这篇综述中，我们概述了单胶束结构的制备和介孔材料的单胶束定向合成，包括低维和3D介孔结构，以及由单胶束装配指导的分层和不对称介孔结构。通过单胶束组装已经制备了多种结构，例如，单胶束多孔液体，单层中孔纳米片，单晶中孔纳米颗粒和Janus中孔纳米复合材料。使用诸如冷冻电子显微镜的显微技术，现在可以直接观察到单个胶束。这样的技术使我们对单个胶束的形成过程，胶束的组装以及有序的介孔材料的理解更加深入。还讨论了由单胶束组装产生的多层，功能性介孔材料的局限性和未来的研究方向。