Advances in high-resolution and spin-resolved scanning tunnelling microscopy, as well as atomic-scale manipulation, have enabled the bottom-up, atom-by-atom creation and characterization of quantum states of matter. This capability is largely based on controlling the particle-like or wave-like nature of electrons and the interactions between spins, electrons and orbitals, as well as their interplay with structure and dimensionality. In this Review, we describe recent progress in using a scanning tunnelling microscope to create artificial electronic and spin lattices that lead to various exotic quantum phases of matter, ranging from topological Dirac dispersion to complex magnetic order. We also offer our perspective on the future directions of this developing field, namely the exploration of non-equilibrium dynamics, engineering quantum phase transitions and topology, prototype technologies and the general concept in nature of evolution of complexity from simplicity.

高分辨率和自旋分辨扫描隧道显微镜的发展，以及原子尺度的操纵，已经实现了自下而上，逐个原子的创建以及物质量子态的表征。此功能主要基于控制电子的粒子状或波状性质以及自旋，电子与轨道之间的相互作用以及它们与结构和尺寸的相互作用。在这篇评论中，我们描述了使用扫描隧道显微镜创建人造电子和自旋晶格的最新进展，这些晶格导致了物质的各种奇异量子相，从拓扑狄拉克色散到复杂的磁阶。我们还提供了对这一发展领域的未来方向的看法，即对非平衡动力学的探索，