Urbanization is changing the use of ecosystem services, especially in previously remote mountain areas in Asia, Africa, and South America that are now more accessible. Change in ES use is not uniform across society, but is impacted by socio-economic factors like income. We sought to understand changes in ES use along a gradient of urbanization, and as related to income differences along this gradient. Our study was conducted in Spiti Valley, a formerly remote region in the Indian trans-Himalayas that is undergoing urbanization. We employed household surveys and monetary valuation to assess use of local (wild plants, dung, wood, forage, water, fertilizer, barley) and imported (firewood and fertilizers) provisioning services. We used ANOVAs and ANCOVAs to test for differences in ES use with urbanization and income. We found that the use of local provisioning services decreased with urbanization, while that of imported provisioning services increased. In rural spaces, the use of local provisioning services did not change with income, while in small urban centres it increased with income. Across settlement types, imported ES use increased with income. Our findings highlight how ES use can change with relatively small amounts of urbanization. They also indicate that local provisioning services need to be made accessible not only to rural populations but also to those in relatively more urban areas.

城市化正在改变生态系统服务的使用方式，特别是在亚洲，非洲和南美以前偏远的山区，现在这些地区现在更加方便。ES使用的变化在整个社会中并不一致，但受到诸如收入等社会经济因素的影响。我们试图了解随着城市化梯度变化，ES使用的变化，以及与该梯度变化中的收入差异相关的变化。我们的研究是在Spiti山谷进行的。Spiti山谷是印度跨喜马拉雅山脉的一个偏远地区，正在经历城市化进程。我们通过家庭调查和货币估值来评估本地（野生植物，粪便，木材，饲料，水，化肥，大麦）和进口（木柴和化肥）供应服务的使用情况。我们使用ANOVA和ANCOVA来测试ES使用与城市化和收入之间的差异。我们发现，随着城市化进程，本地供应服务的使用量减少，而进口供应服务的使用量增加。在农村地区，本地供应服务的使用不会随收入而变化，而在小城市中心，其使用随收入而增加。在不同的定居点类型中，进口的ES使用量随收入增加。我们的发现强调了相对较少的城市化，ES的使用将如何发生变化。它们还表明，不仅需要使农村人口，而且还应使相对较城市地区的人们能够使用本地供应服务。进口ES使用随着收入的增加而增加。我们的发现强调了相对较少的城市化，ES的使用将如何发生变化。他们还指出，不仅需要使农村人口，而且还应使相对城市地区的人们能够使用本地供应服务。进口ES使用随着收入的增加而增加。我们的发现强调了相对较少的城市化，ES的使用将如何发生变化。他们还指出，不仅需要使农村人口，而且还应使相对城市地区的人们能够使用本地供应服务。