Abstract Municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration plays an important role in waste treatment systems throughout the world, due to the advantages of fast volume reduction by 80–90%, heat recovery, and power generation. However, waste-to-energy (WtE) plants have low electrical efficiency of 15–25%, due to the low steam temperature and pressure used in order to minimize boiler deposition and corrosion problems. Undoubtedly, the high Cl-content in MSW is the reason for the severe corrosion problem. Chlorine also forms volatile compounds with trace metals (e.g., Zn, Pb), and, influences the fate of other key elements, e.g., Na, K, and S. Different from alkali metals in biomass, which have been thoroughly investigated, the behavior of chlorine during MSW incineration has not been systematically and comprehensively studied. Up until now, there are few in-depth studies that have been conducted on the thermal behavior of chlorine or on the remedial measures against Cl-induced problems. An up-to-date review on the behavior of chlorine from incineration via freeboard chemistry to corrosive attack is therefore needed, in order to provide knowledge on process optimization and reactor design, thereby enabling high-efficient energy utilization and safe operation of large-scale WtE units. This review provides a critical summary of the progress of research on chlorine in MSW (origins, species, and analytical methods); the thermal behavior of chlorine, including chlorine vaporization, aerosol formation and transformation (freeboard chemistry), deposit formation, and Cl-initiated corrosion mechanisms. In addition, the interrelationship of chlorine with other key elements (S, Na, K, Zn, Pb), and, the chlorine roadmap in the incineration process is presented, along with the influence of feedstock composition and the temperature of both the flue gas and boiler tube metal on chlorine-induced deposition and corrosion. Mitigation measures against Cl-initiated problems such as Segher boiler prisms, mixed secondary air injection, and eco-tube systems, are also thoroughly discussed. Finally, challenges and further research questions, are identified.

中文翻译：

---

MSW 焚烧过程中氯的归宿：蒸发、转化、沉积、腐蚀和补救措施

摘要 城市固体废物 (MSW) 焚烧由于具有快速减少 80-90% 的体积、热回收和发电等优点，在世界各地的废物处理系统中发挥着重要作用。然而，垃圾发电 (WtE) 工厂的电效率低，只有 15% 到 25%，这是因为为了最大程度地减少锅炉沉积和腐蚀问题而使用的蒸汽温度和压力较低。毫无疑问，MSW 中的高氯含量是造成严重腐蚀问题的原因。氯还会与微量金属（例如 Zn、Pb）形成挥发性化合物，并影响其他关键元素（例如 Na、K 和 S）的归宿。生活垃圾焚烧过程中氯的影响尚未系统和全面的研究。直至现在，很少对氯的热行为或针对氯引起的问题的补救措施进行深入研究。因此，需要对氯从焚烧通过干舷化学到腐蚀攻击的行为进行最新审查，以提供有关工艺优化和反应器设计的知识，从而实现大规模的高效能源利用和安全运行WtE 单位。这篇综述对生活垃圾中氯的研究进展（来源、种类和分析方法）进行了重要总结；氯的热行为，包括氯气化、气溶胶形成和转化（干舷化学）、沉积物形成和氯引发的腐蚀机制。此外，氯与其他关键元素（S、Na、K、Zn、Pb）的相互关系，并且，介绍了焚烧过程中的氯路线图，以及原料成分和烟气和锅炉管金属温度对氯引起的沉积和腐蚀的影响。针对氯引发问题的缓解措施，如 Segher 锅炉棱镜、混合二次空气注入和生态管系统，也进行了深入讨论。最后，确定了挑战和进一步的研究问题。