Cancer is driven by multiple types of genetic alterations, which range in size from point mutations to whole-chromosome gains and losses, known as aneuploidy. Chromosome instability, the process that gives rise to aneuploidy, can promote tumorigenesis by increasing genetic heterogeneity and promoting tumour evolution. However, much less is known about how aneuploidy itself contributes to tumour formation and progression. Unlike some pan-cancer oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes that drive transformation in virtually all cell types and cellular contexts, aneuploidy is not a universal promoter of tumorigenesis. Instead, recent studies suggest that aneuploidy is a context-dependent, cancer-type-specific oncogenic event that may have clinical relevance as a prognostic marker and as a potential therapeutic target.

中文翻译：

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背景就是一切：癌症中的非整倍体。

癌症是由多种类型的基因改变驱动的，其大小范围从点突变到全染色体的增益和丢失，称为非整倍体。染色体不稳定性，即产生非整倍性的过程，可以通过增加遗传异质性和促进肿瘤进化来促进肿瘤发生。然而，关于非整倍体本身如何促进肿瘤形成和进展的知识知之甚少。与在几乎所有细胞类型和细胞环境中驱动转化的一些泛癌癌基因和肿瘤抑制基因不同，非整倍体不是肿瘤发生的通用启动子。相反，最近的研究表明，非整倍体是一种依赖于环境的、特定于癌症类型的致癌事件，可能具有作为预后标志物和潜在治疗靶点的临床相关性。