The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) imply country-led implementation. Yet, their achievement depends on sustainability targets compatible across different sectors and scales. Our study examines how the GHG emission intensity of agriculture (EIA) should evolve globally, regionally (Western Europe) and nationally (The Netherlands) under different socioeconomic pathways, so that two major aims of SDGs 2 and 13 (i.e. sufficient food production and climate change mitigation) are achieved simultaneously. Results show that, by 2050, relative to 2010 values, EIA should decrease at all three levels when measured on a product basis (GHG emissions per ton dry matter) and on a land basis (GHG emissions per ha). This indicates that, globally, agriculture should be intensified per unit area, while in Western Europe and even more so in the Netherlands additional emission reductions require increased production efficiency and lower production volumes. Projected reductions in methane and nitrous oxide emissions from enteric fermentation, manure management and fertilizer application in Dutch agriculture are much higher than what would be achieved through the extrapolation of current trends. Given the high costs of increasing production efficiency further, our analysis indicates the need for significantly more ambitious policy targets and systemic changes, including reduced consumption of animal-sourced food. Besides shedding light on the interaction between climate and agricultural strategies, our analysis illustrates the application of cross-scale thinking in the operationalization of the SDG agenda and underscores the need for concerted action amongst countries.

可持续发展目标（SDGs）意味着国家主导的实施。然而，它们的成就取决于跨不同部门和规模的可持续发展目标。我们的研究探讨了在不同的社会经济途径下，农业的温室气体排放强度（EIA）应如何在全球，区域（西欧）和全国（荷兰）发展，从而实现可持续发展目标2和13的两个主要目标（即充足的粮食生产和气候）变更缓解）同时实现。结果表明，到2050年，相对于2010年的值，当以产品为基础（每吨干物质的GHG排放量）和以土地为基础（每公顷的GHG排放量）进行测量时，EIA应该在所有三个水平上都下降。这表明，在全球范围内，应在单位面积上强化农业，而在西欧，甚至在荷兰更是如此，减少排放量需要提高生产效率和降低产量。预计肠内发酵，粪便管理和肥料在荷兰农业中的甲烷和一氧化二氮排放量的减少要比通过目前趋势的推断所实现的减少要高得多。鉴于进一步提高生产效率的高昂成本，我们的分析表明，有必要制定更加雄心勃勃的政策目标和进行系统改革，包括减少动物源性食品的消费。除了阐明气候与农业策略之间的相互作用之外，