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Why leveraging sex differences in immune tradeoffs may illuminate the evolution of senescence
Functional Ecology ( IF 4.6 ) Pub Date : 2019-10-07 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13458
Charlotte Jessica E Metcalf 1 , Olivia Roth 2 , Andrea L Graham 1
Affiliation  

Abstract The immune system affects senescence (declines in probabilities of survival or reproduction with age), by shaping late age vulnerability to chronic inflammatory diseases and infections. It is also a dynamic interactive system that must balance competing demands across the life course. Thus, immune system function remains an important frontier in understanding the evolution of senescence. Here, we review our expanding mechanistic understanding of immune function over the life course, in the context of theoretical predictions from life‐history evolution. We are especially interested in stage‐ and sex‐dependent costs and benefits of investment in the immune system, given differential life‐history priorities of the life stages and sexes. We introduce the costs likely to govern immune allocation across the life course. We then discuss theoretical expectations for differences between the sexes and their likely consequences in terms of how the immune system is both modulated by and may modulate senescence, building on information from life‐history theory, experimental immunology and demography. We argue that sex differences in immune function provide a potentially powerful probe of selection pressures on the immune system across the life course. In particular, differences in ‘competing’ and ‘caring’ between the sexes have evolved across the tree of life, providing repeated instances of divergent selection pressures on immune function occurring within the same overall bauplan. We conclude by detailing an agenda for future research, including development of theoretical predictions of the differences between the sexes under an array of existing models for sex differences in immunity, and empirical tests of such predictions across the tree of life. A free http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2435.13458/suppinfo can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

中文翻译:


为什么利用免疫权衡中的性别差异可以阐明衰老的进化



摘要 免疫系统通过塑造晚年对慢性炎症性疾病和感染的脆弱性来影响衰老(生存或繁殖的可能性随着年龄的增长而下降)。它也是一个动态交互系统,必须平衡整个生命过程中的竞争需求。因此,免疫系统功能仍然是理解衰老进化的重要前沿。在这里,我们在生命史进化的理论预测的背景下,回顾了我们对生命历程中免疫功能不断扩展的机制理解。考虑到生命阶段和性别的不同生命史优先级,我们对免疫系统投资的阶段和性别依赖性成本和收益特别感兴趣。我们介绍了可能控制整个生命过程中免疫分配的成本。然后,我们基于生活史理论、实验免疫学和人口学的信息,讨论了对性别差异的理论期望及其在免疫系统如何受衰老调节以及可能如何调节衰老方面可能产生的后果。我们认为,免疫功能的性别差异为整个生命过程中免疫系统的选择压力提供了潜在的强有力的探索。特别是,两性之间“竞争”和“照顾”的差异已经在整个生命树中进化,从而在同一整体包计划内重复出现对免疫功能的不同选择压力的实例。最后,我们详细介绍了未来研究的议程,包括在一系列现有的免疫性别差异模型下对性别差异进行理论预测,以及在整个生命树上对此类预测进行实证检验。 可以在本文的支持信息中找到免费的 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2435.13458/suppinfo。
更新日期:2019-10-07
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