Bacteria move by a variety of mechanisms, but the best understood types of motility are powered by flagella (72). Flagella are complex machines embedded in the cell envelope that rotate a long extracellular helical filament like a propeller to push cells through the environment. The flagellum is one of relatively few biological machines that experience continuous 360° rotation, and it is driven by one of the most powerful motors, relative to its size, on earth. The rotational force (torque) generated at the base of the flagellum is essential for motility, niche colonization, and pathogenesis. This review describes regulatory proteins that control motility at the level of torque generation.

中文翻译：

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细菌鞭毛的功能调节剂。

细菌通过各种机制移动，但最能理解的运动类型是由鞭毛驱动的（72）。鞭毛是嵌入细胞膜中的复杂机器，它们像螺旋桨一样旋转一条长长的细胞外螺旋状细丝，以推动细胞通过环境。鞭毛是经历连续360°旋转的相对少数生物机器之一，并且相对于其大小，它是由功率最大的电动机之一驱动的。鞭毛基部产生的旋转力（扭矩）对于运动性，小生境定植和发病机理至关重要。这篇综述描述了在扭矩产生水平上控制运动性的调节蛋白。