Plant-pathogenic oomycetes include numerous species that are ongoing threats to agriculture and natural ecosystems. Understanding the molecular dialogs between oomycetes and plants is instrumental for sustaining effective disease control. Plants respond to oomycete infection by multiple defense actions including strengthening of physical barriers, production of antimicrobial molecules, and programmed cell death. These responses are tightly controlled and integrated via a three-layered immune system consisting of a multiplex recognition layer, a resilient signal-integration layer, and a diverse defense-action layer. Adapted oomycete pathogens utilize apoplastic and intracellular effector arsenals to counter plant immunity mechanisms within each layer, including by evasion or suppression of recognition, interference with numerous signaling components, and neutralization or suppression of defense actions. A coevolutionary arms race continually drives the emergence of new mechanisms of plant defense and oomycete counterdefense.

中文翻译：

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植物病原性卵菌感染期间的防御和反防御。

植物病原性卵菌包括许多对农业和自然生态系统构成持续威胁的物种。了解卵菌与植物之间的分子对话有助于维持有效的疾病控制。植物通过多种防御作用应对卵菌感染，包括增强物理屏障，产生抗菌分子和程序性细胞死亡。这些反应通过三层免疫系统得到严格控制和整合，该三层免疫系统由多重识别层，弹性信号集成层和多样化防御作用层组成。适应的卵菌病原体利用质外生和细胞内效应器武库来抵消每一层中的植物免疫机制，包括通过逃避或抑制识别，干扰大量信令组件，以及抵制或抑制防御行动。共同进化的军备竞赛不断推动着新的植物防御和卵菌防御机制的出现。