Until the last few decades, investigations of stellar interiors had been restricted to theoretical studies only constrained by observations of their global properties and external characteristics. However, in the last 30 years the field has been revolutionized by the ability to perform seismic investigations of stellar interiors. This revolution begun with the Sun, where helioseismology has been yielding information competing with what can be inferred about the Earth’s interior from geoseismology. The last two decades have witnessed the advent of asteroseismology of solar-like stars, thanks to a dramatic development of new observing facilities providing the first reliable results on the interiors of distant stars. The coming years will see a huge development in this field. In this review we focus on solar-type stars, i.e., cool main-sequence stars where oscillations are stochastically excited by surface convection. After a short introduction and a historical overview of the discipline, we review the observational techniques generally used, and we describe the theory behind stellar oscillations in cool main-sequence stars. We continue with a complete description of the normal mode analyses through which it is possible to extract the physical information about the structure and dynamics of the stars. We then summarize the lessons that we have learned and discuss unsolved issues and questions that are still unanswered.

中文翻译：

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太阳型恒星的星震学

直到最近几十年，对恒星内部的研究一直仅限于理论研究，仅受其整体性质和外部特征的观察所约束。然而，在过去的30年中，该领域因能够对恒星内部进行地震调查而发生了革命性的变化。这场革命是从太阳开始的，太阳地震学一直在提供与地球地震学可以推断出地球内部信息竞争的信息。过去的二十年见证了太阳状恒星的星震学的出现，这要归功于新型观测设备的巨大发展，它为遥远恒星的内部提供了首个可靠的结果。未来几年，该领域将取得巨大发展。在这篇评论中，我们专注于太阳型恒星，即 凉爽的主序星，其中表面对流随机激发振荡。在对该学科进行简短介绍和历史回顾之后，我们回顾了通常使用的观测技术，并描述了冷序列恒星中恒星振荡背后的理论。我们继续对正常模式分析进行完整描述，通过该模型可以提取有关恒星结构和动力学的物理信息。然后，我们总结所学到的教训，并讨论尚未解决的问题和仍未解决的问题。我们描述了冷主序星恒星振荡背后的理论。我们继续对正常模式分析进行完整描述，通过该模型可以提取有关恒星结构和动力学的物理信息。然后，我们总结所学到的教训，并讨论尚未解决的问题和仍未解决的问题。我们描述了冷主序星恒星振荡背后的理论。我们继续对正常模式分析进行完整描述，通过该模型可以提取有关恒星结构和动力学的物理信息。然后，我们总结所学到的教训，并讨论尚未解决的问题和仍未解决的问题。