There is an increasing trend in promoting the use of biofuels for transportation as a low-fossil carbon energy source, but little knowledge on their multidimensional environmental impacts. Whole-system approaches, such as life cycle assessment (LCA), have been extensively employed to analyze the environmental performance of different biofuels. However, it remains unclear to which extent biofuels impact ecosystems and the services they provide, in particular related to different management practices. To overcome this challenge, this paper draws recommendations to better holistically address ecosystem services (ES) in LCA, with a focus on biofuels. We first pinpoint some of the challenges in accounting for the concept of ES in decision-making and review some of the existing ES classification frameworks and the usefulness of the cascade model. Second, we discuss the implications of identified context-specific aspects on the modeling of biofuel production impacts on ES in LCA. Finally, we propose a conceptual framework to link ES classification systems, the cascade model and the LCA approach. Although some challenges still remain unsolved, due to the existing life cycle impact assessment structure, existing ES frameworks and the cascade model are helpful tools to better include ES into LCA of different biofuels.

促进使用生物燃料作为低化石碳能源进行运输的趋势正在增加，但对其多维环境影响知之甚少。诸如生命周期评估（LCA）之类的整个系统方法已被广泛用于分析不同生物燃料的环境绩效。但是，目前尚不清楚生物燃料在多大程度上影响生态系统及其提供的服务，特别是与不同管理实践有关的服务。为了克服这一挑战，本文提出了一些建议，以更好地从整体上解决LCA中的生态系统服务（ES），重点是生物燃料。我们首先指出在决策中考虑ES概念的一些挑战，并回顾一些现有的ES分类框架和级联模型的有用性。第二，我们讨论了在LCA中对生物燃料生产对ES的影响建模中所确定的特定于上下文的方面的含义。最后，我们提出了一个概念框架来链接ES分类系统，级联模型和LCA方法。尽管仍然存在一些挑战尚未解决，但是由于现有的生命周期影响评估结构，现有的ES框架和级联模型是有用的工具，可以更好地将ES纳入不同生物燃料的LCA中。