Membrane-less organelles, because of their capacity to dynamically, selectively and reversibly concentrate molecules, are very well adapted for local information processing and rapid response to environmental fluctuations. These features are particularly important in the context of neuronal cells, where synapse-specific activation, or localized extracellular cues, induce signaling events restricted to specialized axonal or dendritic subcompartments. Neuronal ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles, or granules, are nonmembrane bound macromolecular condensates that concentrate specific sets of mRNAs and regulatory proteins, promoting their long-distance transport to axons or dendrites. Neuronal RNP granules also have a dual function in regulating the translation of associated mRNAs: while preventing mRNA translation at rest, they fuel local protein synthesis upon activation. As revealed by recent work, rapid and reversible switches between these two functional modes are triggered by modifications of the networks of interactions underlying RNP granule assembly. Such flexible properties also come with a cost, as neuronal RNP granules are prone to transition into pathological aggregates in response to mutations, aging, or cellular stresses, further emphasizing the need to better understand the mechanistic principles governing their dynamic assembly and regulation in living systems.

中文翻译：

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神经核糖核蛋白颗粒：局部信号的动态传感器。

由于无膜细胞器能够动态，选择性和可逆地浓缩分子，因此它们非常适合于本地信息处理和对环境波动的快速响应。这些特征在神经元细胞的情况下尤其重要，在神经元细胞中，突触特异性激活或局部细胞外信号会诱导信号传导事件，而信号传导事件仅限于特定的轴突或树突状小室。神经元核糖核蛋白（RNP）颗粒或颗粒是非膜结合的大分子缩合物，可浓缩特定的mRNA和调节蛋白集，促进其向轴突或树突的长距离运输。神经元RNP颗粒还具有调节相关mRNA的翻译的双重功能：在防止静止状态下mRNA的翻译的同时，它们在激活时促进局部蛋白质合成。正如最近的工作所揭示的，这两种功能模式之间的快速且可逆的切换是通过修改RNP颗粒装配基础的相互作用网络来触发的。此类灵活的特性也要付出代价，因为神经元RNP颗粒易于响应突变，衰老或细胞应激而转变为病理性聚集体，进一步强调了需要更好地了解控制其在生命系统中动态组装和调控的机械原理的必要性。 。