Necrosis- and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)-like proteins (NLP) have an extremely broad taxonomic distribution; they occur in bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes. NLPs come in two forms, those that are cytotoxic to eudicot plants and those that are noncytotoxic. Cytotoxic NLPs bind to glycosyl inositol phosphoryl ceramide (GIPC) sphingolipids that are abundant in the outer leaflet of plant plasma membranes. Binding allows the NLP to become cytolytic in eudicots but not monocots. The function of noncytotoxic NLPs remains enigmatic, but the expansion of NLP genes in oomycete genomes suggests they are important. Several plant species have evolved the capacity to recognize NLPs as molecular patterns and trigger plant immunity, e.g., Arabidopsis thaliana detects nlp peptides via the receptor-like protein RLP23. In this review, we provide a historical perspective from discovery to understanding of molecular mechanisms and describe the latest developments in the NLP field to shed light on these fascinating microbial proteins.

中文翻译：

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微生物Nep1-Like蛋白广泛存在的家族的活性和系统发育学。

坏死和诱导乙烯的肽1（Nep1）样蛋白（NLP）具有非常广泛的分类学分布。它们存在于细菌，真菌和卵菌中。NLP有两种形式，一种对双子叶植物具有细胞毒性，另一种对细胞无毒性。细胞毒性NLP与植物质膜外小叶中丰富的糖基肌醇磷酸神经酰胺（GIPC）鞘脂结合。结合使NLP在双子叶植物中变成溶细胞性，而在单子叶植物中则不。非细胞毒性NLP的功能仍然是令人难以置信的，但卵母细胞基因组中NLP基因的扩展表明它们很重要。几种植物已经进化出将NLP识别为分子模式并触发植物免疫的能力，例如拟南芥通过受体样蛋白RLP23检测nlp肽。在这篇评论中，