Cancers originate from somatic cells in the human body that have accumulated genetic alterations. These mutations modify the phenotype of the cells, allowing them to escape the homeostatic regulation that maintains normal cell number. Viewed through the lens of evolutionary biology, the transformation of normal cells into malignant cells is evolution in action. Evolution continues throughout cancer growth, progression, treatment resistance, and disease relapse, driven by adaptation to changes in the cancer's environment, and intratumor heterogeneity is an inevitable consequence of this evolutionary process. Genomics provides a powerful means to characterize tumor evolution, enabling quantitative measurement of evolving clones across space and time. In this review, we discuss concepts and approaches to quantify and measure this evolutionary process in cancer using genomics.

中文翻译：

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用基因组学方法测量癌症中的克隆进化。

癌症起源于人体中积累了遗传改变的体细胞。这些突变改变了细胞的表型，使它们逃脱了维持正常细胞数量的稳态调节。从进化生物学的角度来看，正常细胞向恶性细胞的转化是行动的进化。在适应癌症环境变化的驱动下，进化在整个癌症生长，进展，治疗抗性和疾病复发中持续进行，而肿瘤内异质性是这种进化过程的必然结果。基因组学提供了表征肿瘤进化的有力手段，能够定量测量跨越空间和时间的进化克隆。在这篇评论中，