Cosmological observations are beginning to reach a level of precision that allow us to test some of the most fundamental assumptions in our working model of the Universe. One such an assumption is that gravity is governed by the General Theory of Relativity. In this review we discuss how one might go about extending General Relativity and how such extensions can be described in a unified way on large scales. This allows us to describe the impact of modified gravity on the growth and morphology of the large scale structure of the Universe. On smaller scales we explore the physics of gravitational screening and how it might manifest itself in galaxies, clusters and, more generally, in the cosmic web. We then analyze the current constraints from large scale structure and conclude by discussing the future prospects of the field in light of the plethora of surveys currently being planned.

中文翻译：

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重力的宇宙学测试

宇宙学观测开始达到一定程度的精确度，使我们能够测试我们的宇宙工作模型中的一些最基本的假设。其中一个假设是引力受广义相对论支配。在这篇评论中，我们讨论了如何扩展广义相对论，以及如何在大尺度上以统一的方式描述这种扩展。这使我们能够描述修改后的重力对宇宙大尺度结构的生长和形态的影响。在较小的尺度上，我们探索引力屏蔽的物理学，以及它如何在星系、星团以及更普遍的宇宙网中表现出来。