Influenza A and B virus infections are a major cause of respiratory disease in humans and are responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. Vaccination against influenza mainly aims at the induction of virus neutralizing serum antibodies, which are an important correlate of protection provided that the antibodies match the strains causing the outbreaks antigenically. In addition, virus-specific T cells are known to contribute to protective immunity to influenza virus infections by limiting duration and severity of the disease. As the majority of virus-specific T cells recognize epitopes located in relatively conserved proteins, like the Nucleoprotein and Matrix 1 protein, they display a high degree of cross-reactivity with a wide range of influenza viruses, including newly emerging viruses of alternative subtypes. Advancing our understanding of influenza virus-specific T cell responses and their role in protective immunity against influenza will aid the rational design of novel vaccines that could induce robust, broad and long-lasting immune responses. Here, we discuss the contribution of influenza virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to protective immunity against influenza infection and the requirements and strategies for their induction by natural infection or vaccination, especially in children.

中文翻译：

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由感染和疫苗接种诱导的流感病毒特异性CD4 +和CD8 + T细胞介导的免疫。

甲型和乙型流感病毒感染是人类呼吸系统疾病的主要原因，是导致全球大量发病和死亡的原因。预防流感的疫苗主要针对诱导病毒中和的血清抗体，只要抗体与引起抗原性暴发的毒株相匹配，这就是保护作用的重要关联。另外，已知病毒特异性T细胞可通过限制疾病的持续时间和严重性来促进针对流感病毒感染的保护性免疫。由于大多数病毒特异性T细胞都能识别位于相对保守的蛋白质（如核蛋白和基质1蛋白）中的表位，因此它们与多种流感病毒（包括新出现的其他亚型病毒）表现出高度的交叉反应性。推进我们对流感病毒特异性T细胞反应及其在针对流感的保护性免疫中的作用的理解，将有助于合理设计新颖的疫苗，从而诱导强大，广泛和持久的免疫反应。在这里，我们讨论了流感病毒特异性CD4 +和CD8 + T细胞对预防流感感染的保护性免疫的作用，以及通过自然感染或疫苗接种（特别是在儿童中）诱导它们的要求和策略。