The need for multi-scalar analysis of energy and low-carbon systems is becoming more apparent as a way to assess the holistic socioeconomic and environmental impacts of energy transitions across a variety of scales and lifecycle stages. This paper conducts a whole systems energy justice analysis of four European low-carbon transitions—nuclear power in France, smart meters in Great Britain, electric vehicles in Norway, and solar photovoltaic panels in Germany. It asks: in what ways may each of these transitions result in injustices that extend beyond communities and countries, i.e., across the whole system? It utilizes a mixed-methods research design based on 64 semi-structured research interviews with experts across all four transitions, five public focus groups, and the collection of 58 comments from twelve public internet forums to answer this question. Drawing inductively from these data, the paper identifies and analyzes 44 injustices spread across three spatial scales. Micro scale injustices concern immediate local impacts on family livelihood, community health and the environment. Meso scale injustices include national-scale issues such as rising prices for electricity and gas or unequal access to low-carbon technology. Macro scale injustices include global issues such as the extraction of minerals and metals and the circulation of waste flows. The paper then discusses these collective injustices in terms of their spatiality and temporality, before offering conclusions for energy and climate research and policy.

对能源和低碳系统进行多尺度分析的需求日益明显，它是一种评估各种规模和生命周期阶段能源转换的整体社会经济和环境影响的方法。本文对四个欧洲低碳转型进行了整个系统的能源公正性分析：法国的核电，英国的智能电表，挪威的电动车和德国的太阳能光伏板。它问：这些转变中的每一种可能以何种方式导致不公正现象超出社区和国家范围，即遍及整个系统？它采用了基于64种半结构化研究访谈的混合方法研究设计，这些访谈来自所有四个过渡阶段，五个公共焦点小组，并从十二个公共互联网论坛中收集了58条评论来回答这个问题。从这些数据中归纳得出，本文识别并分析了分布在三个空间尺度上的44个不公正现象。微观不公现象涉及当地对家庭生计，社区健康和环境的直接影响。中观规模的不公正现象包括全国性的问题，例如电力和天然气价格上涨或对低碳技术的不平等利用。宏观上的不公正现象包括全球性问题，例如矿物和金属的提取以及废物流的循环。然后，本文在提供能源和气候研究与政策结论之前，从空间和时间上讨论了这些集体不公。