The genus Thielavia is morphologically defined by having non-ostiolate ascomata with a thin peridium composed of textura epidermoidea, and smooth, single-celled, pigmented ascospores with one germ pore. Thielavia is typified with Th. basicola that grows in close association with a hyphomycete which was traditionally identified as Thielaviopsis basicola. Besides Th. basicola exhibiting the mycoparasitic nature, the majority of the described Thielavia species are from soil, and some have economic and ecological importance. Unfortunately, no living type material of Th. basicola exists, hindering a proper understanding of the classification of Thielavia. Therefore, Thielavia basicola was neotypified by material of a mycoparasite presenting the same ecology and morphology as described in the original description. We subsequently performed a multi-gene phylogenetic analyses (rpb2, tub2, ITS and LSU) to resolve the phylogenetic relationships of the species currently recognised in Thielavia. Our results demonstrate that Thielavia is highly polyphyletic, being related to three family-level lineages in two orders. The redefined genus Thielavia is restricted to its type species, Th. basicola, which belongs to the Ceratostomataceae (Melanosporales) and its host is demonstrated to be Berkeleyomyces rouxiae, one of the two species in the “Thielaviopsis basicola” species complex. The new family Podosporaceae is sister to the Chaetomiaceae in the Sordariales and accommodates the re-defined genera Podospora, Trangularia and Cladorrhinum, with the last genus including two former Thielavia species (Th. hyalocarpa and Th. intermedia). This family also includes the genetic model species Podospora anserina, which was combined in Triangularia (as Triangularia anserina). The remaining Thielavia species fall in ten unrelated clades in the Chaetomiaceae, leading to the proposal of nine new genera (Carteria, Chrysanthotrichum, Condenascus, Hyalosphaerella, Microthielavia, Parathielavia, Pseudothielavia, Stolonocarpus and Thermothielavioides). The genus Canariomyces is transferred from Microascaceae (Microascales) to Chaetomiaceae based on its type species Can. notabilis. Canariomyces is closely related to the human-pathogenic genus Madurella, and includes three thielavia-like species and one novel species. Three monotypic genera with a chaetomium-like morph (Brachychaeta, Chrysocorona and Floropilus) are introduced to better resolve the Chaetomiaceae and the thielavia-like species in the family. Chrysocorona lucknowensis and Brachychaeta variospora are closely related to Acrophialophora and three newly introduced genera containing thielavia-like species; Floropilus chiversii is closely related to the industrially important and thermophilic species Thermothielavioides terrestris (syn. Th. terrestris). This study shows that the thielavia-like morph is a homoplastic form that originates from several separate evolutionary events. Furthermore, our results provide new insights into the taxonomy of Sordariales and the polyphyletic Lasiosphaeriaceae.

属梭孢壳形态学上通过具有所组成的薄peridium非ostiolate ascomata定义textura epidermoidea，和光滑，单细胞，色素与一种胚芽孔子囊孢子。Thielavia是Th的代表。与丝菌素紧密结合生长的碱性菌，传统上被鉴定为碱性硫杆菌。除了Th。表现出霉菌寄生性的basicola，所描述的Thielavia物种大多数来自土壤，有些具有经济和生态重要性。不幸的是，没有Th的活体材料。巴索拉存在，妨碍了对Thielavia的分类的正确理解。因此，通过一种真菌寄生虫的材料对典型的Thielavia basicola进行了新类型化，该真菌具有与原始描述中所述相同的生态学和形态。随后，我们进行了多基因系统发育分析（rpb2，tub2，ITS和LSU），以解决目前在Thielavia中公认的物种的系统发育关系。我们的结果表明，thielavia具有高度的多系性，与两个家族的三个家族水平的血统有关。重新定义的Thielavia属仅限于其类型物种Th。巴索拉，属于Ceratostomataceae（Melanosporales）和它的主机被证明是Berkeleyomyces rouxiae，这两个物种中的“之一根串珠霉”物种复杂。新系列Podosporaceae是妹妹的毛壳菌在Sordariales和容纳重新定义属壳属，Trangularia和Cladorrhinum，与上次属，包括两名前梭孢种（钍。hyalocarpa和钍。中间）。这个家族还包括遗传模型物种Podospora anserina，在Triangularia中合并为Triangularia anserina。剩下的梭孢种下降在十无关分支毛壳菌，导致九个新属（建议Carteria，Chrysanthotrichum，Condenascus，Hyalosphaerella，Microthielavia，Parathielavia，Pseudothielavia，Stolonocarpus和Thermothielavioides）。属Canariomyces从转移Microascaceae（Microascales）到Chaetomiaceae的类型物种Can的基础上。证明书。Canariomyces与人类致病性马杜氏菌属密切相关，包括3个类衣藻和1个新种。引入了三个具有绒毛膜样变体的单型属（Brachychaeta，Chrysocorona和Floropilus），以更好地分离该科中的油菊科和拟杆菌属。Lucknowensis和Chrysocorona lucknowensis和Brachychaeta variospora与Acrophialophora和三个新引入的属类thielavia的物种密切相关。佛氏菌是密切相关的重要的工业和热菌种Thermothielavioides蒺藜（SYN。钍。蒺藜）。这项研究表明，类衣藻为变种是同种异型，起源于几个单独的进化事件。此外，我们的研究结果提供了对Sordariales和多系统的Lasiosphaeriaceae的分类学的新见解。