To investigate Molybdenum (Mo) and Cadmium (Cd) co-induced the levels of autophagy-related genes via AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in Shaoxing Duck (Anas platyrhyncha) kidney, 60 healthy 11-day-old ducks were randomly divided into 6 groups, which were treated with Mo or/and Cd at different doses on the basal diet for 120 d. Kidney samples were collected on day 120 to determine the mRNA expression levels of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase α1 (AMPKα1), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Beclin-1, autophagy-related gene-5 (Atg5), microtubule-associated protein light chain A (LC3A), microtubule-associated protein light chain B (LC3B), sequestosome-1, and Dynein by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Meanwhile, ultrastructural changes of the kidney were observed. The results indicated that the mTOR and P62 mRNA expression levels were significantly downregulated, but the Atg5 and Beclin-1 mRNA levels were remarkably upregulated in all treated groups compared to control group, and their changes were greater in joint groups. Additionally, compared to control group, the Dynein mRNA expression level was apparently downregulated in co-treated groups, the LC3B, LC3A, and AMPKα1 expression levels were dramatically upregulated in single treated groups and they were not obviously different in co-treated groups. Ultrastructural changes showed that Mo and Cd could markedly increase the number of autophagosomes. Taken together, it suggested that dietary Mo and Cd might induce autophagy via AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in duck kidney, and it showed a possible synergistic relationship between the 2 elements.

中文翻译：

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钼和镉通过腺苷 5'-一磷酸激活蛋白激酶/哺乳动物雷帕霉素信号通路靶点共同诱导绍兴鸭 (Anas platyrhyncha) 肾脏自噬相关基因的水平。

为研究钼（Mo）和镉（Cd）通过AMPK/mTOR信号通路共诱导绍兴鸭（Anas platyrhyncha）肾脏自噬相关基因的水平，将60只11日龄健康鸭随机分为6组，在基础日粮中以不同剂量的钼或/和镉处理120 d。第 120 天采集肾脏样本，测定 5'-一磷酸腺苷 (AMP) 活化蛋白激酶 α1 (AMPKα1)、哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白 (mTOR)、Beclin-1、自噬相关基因 5 的 mRNA 表达水平。 Atg5)、微管相关蛋白轻链 A (LC3A)、微管相关蛋白轻链 B (LC3B)、sequestosome-1 和 Dynein 通过实时定量聚合酶链反应进行。同时观察肾脏的超微结构变化。结果表明，与对照组相比，所有治疗组mTOR和P62 mRNA表达水平显着下调，但Atg5和Beclin-1 mRNA水平显着上调，并且在联合组中变化更大。此外，与对照组相比，联合治疗组Dynein mRNA表达水平明显下调，单治疗组LC3B、LC3A和AMPKα1表达水平显着上调，联合治疗组差异不显着。超微结构变化表明Mo和Cd可以显着增加自噬体的数量。综上所述，表明膳食Mo和Cd可能通过AMPK/mTOR信号通路在鸭肾中诱导自噬，并且这两种元素之间可能存在协同关系。