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Organophosphorus Flame Retardants and Plasticizers in Breast Milk from the United States
Environmental Science & Technology Letters ( IF 8.9 ) Pub Date : 2019-08-20 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00394 Jing Ma 1, 2 , Hongkai Zhu 1 , Kurunthachalam Kannan 1, 3
Environmental Science & Technology Letters ( IF 8.9 ) Pub Date : 2019-08-20 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00394 Jing Ma 1, 2 , Hongkai Zhu 1 , Kurunthachalam Kannan 1, 3
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Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are used in consumer products as flame retardants and plasticizers. Little is known, however, about the occurrence and profiles of OPEs in human milk. In this study, 14 OPEs were measured in 100 breast milk samples collected from the United States during the period of 2009–2012, using high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. The sum concentrations of 14 OPEs in human milk ranged from 0.670 to 7.83 ng/mL, with a mean value of 3.61 ng/mL. The highest mean concentration was found for tris-2-butoxyethyl phosphate (TBOEP, 1.44 ± 0.789 ng/mL), followed by tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TIBP, 0.569 ± 0.272 ng/mL) and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP, 0.539 ± 0.265 ng/mL), which were the dominant OPEs found in breast milk at detection frequencies of >80%. No significant differences were observed between various maternal/infant characteristics and OPE concentrations (p > 0.05), except for TBOEP, for which the median concentrations in Hispanic mothers (0.765 ng/mL) were 2 times lower than those in non-Hispanic mothers (1.48 ng/mL) (p < 0.05). On the basis of the recommended daily milk ingestion rate, the average and the highest daily intakes of total OPEs were calculated to be in the range of 300–542 and 504–911 ng (kg of body weight)−1 day–1, respectively. The estimated daily intakes of OPEs did not exceed the current reference doses. Our study establishes baseline data for OPE exposure in breast-fed American children.
中文翻译：
美国母乳中的有机磷阻燃剂和增塑剂
有机磷酸酯 (OPE) 在消费品中用作阻燃剂和增塑剂。然而，关于母乳中 OPE 的发生和概况知之甚少。在本研究中，使用高效液相色谱和串联质谱法对 2009 年至 2012 年期间从美国采集的 100 份母乳样品中的 14 种 OPE 进行了测量。人乳中 14 种 OPE 的总浓度范围为 0.670 至 7.83 ng/mL，平均值为 3.61 ng/mL。磷酸三-2-丁氧基乙酯 (TBOEP, 1.44 ± 0.789 ng/mL) 的平均浓度最高，其次是磷酸三异丁酯 (TIBP, 0.569 ± 0.272 ng/mL) 和三正-磷酸丁酯 (TNBP, 0.539 ± 0.265 ng/mL)，这是母乳中发现的主要 OPE，检测频率 >80%。在各种母婴特征和 OPE 浓度之间没有观察到显着差异 ( p > 0.05)，除了 TBOEP，西班牙裔母亲的中位浓度 (0.765 ng/mL) 比非西班牙裔母亲低 2 倍 ( 1.48 纳克/毫升）（p < 0.05）。根据推荐的每日牛奶摄入量，计算出总 OPE 的平均和最高每日摄入量在 300–542 和 504–911 ng（体重公斤）-1天–1的范围内， 分别。OPE 的估计每日摄入量不超过当前参考剂量。我们的研究建立了母乳喂养的美国儿童 OPE 暴露的基线数据。
更新日期：2019-08-20
中文翻译：
美国母乳中的有机磷阻燃剂和增塑剂
有机磷酸酯 (OPE) 在消费品中用作阻燃剂和增塑剂。然而，关于母乳中 OPE 的发生和概况知之甚少。在本研究中，使用高效液相色谱和串联质谱法对 2009 年至 2012 年期间从美国采集的 100 份母乳样品中的 14 种 OPE 进行了测量。人乳中 14 种 OPE 的总浓度范围为 0.670 至 7.83 ng/mL，平均值为 3.61 ng/mL。磷酸三-2-丁氧基乙酯 (TBOEP, 1.44 ± 0.789 ng/mL) 的平均浓度最高，其次是磷酸三异丁酯 (TIBP, 0.569 ± 0.272 ng/mL) 和三正-磷酸丁酯 (TNBP, 0.539 ± 0.265 ng/mL)，这是母乳中发现的主要 OPE，检测频率 >80%。在各种母婴特征和 OPE 浓度之间没有观察到显着差异 ( p > 0.05)，除了 TBOEP，西班牙裔母亲的中位浓度 (0.765 ng/mL) 比非西班牙裔母亲低 2 倍 ( 1.48 纳克/毫升）（p < 0.05）。根据推荐的每日牛奶摄入量，计算出总 OPE 的平均和最高每日摄入量在 300–542 和 504–911 ng（体重公斤）-1天–1的范围内， 分别。OPE 的估计每日摄入量不超过当前参考剂量。我们的研究建立了母乳喂养的美国儿童 OPE 暴露的基线数据。
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