This study analyzes the five primary ecosystem services and their trade-offs and synergies associated with future scenarios of oil palm plantations in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Three plausible future scenarios were assessed: 1) business as usual, 2) conservation and, 3) sustainable intensification, based on current land-use policy and spatial planning and projected oil palm expansion. The spatial analysis tool in ArcGIS and the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs Tool (InVEST Tool) were used to analyze historical and future land-use change, valuation and trade-offs of ecosystem services. The sustainable intensification scenario generates a positive impact on carbon storages and water yield, although habitat quality nominally declines. In terms of total economic value of ecosystem services, the conservation scenario generates the highest value of ecosystem services, while the sustainable intensification scenario offers a compromise solution for future expansion of oil palm by ensuring the supply of ecosystem services comparable to conservation scenario but without significantly affecting palm oil yield in comparison to the business-as-usual scenario. A detailed study with better information on the economic values of ecosystem services can provide a better understanding of the social and environmental impacts of oil palm expansion.

这项研究分析了五种主要的生态系统服务，以及它们与印度尼西亚西加里曼丹的油棕种植园未来情景相关的权衡与协同作用。根据当前的土地使用政策和空间规划以及预计的油棕扩张，对三种可能的未来情况进行了评估：1）照常营业，2）保护和3）可持续集约化。使用ArcGIS中的空间分析工具以及生态系统服务和折衷综合评估工具（InVEST工具）来分析历史和未来的土地利用变化，生态系统服务的评估和折衷。尽管生境质量名义上下降，但可持续集约化方案对碳储存和水产量产生了积极影响。就生态系统服务的总经济价值而言，保护情景产生了最高的生态系统服务价值，而可持续集约化情景则通过确保提供与保护情景相媲美的生态系统服务供应，但又不对棕榈油产量产生重大影响，从而为油棕的未来扩展提供了折衷的解决方案，像往常一样。进行详细研究并获得有关生态系统服务的经济价值的更好信息，可以更好地了解油棕扩张对社会和环境的影响。可持续集约化方案通过确保与保护方案相媲美的生态系统服务供应，为油棕的未来扩展提供了折衷的解决方案，但与常规经营方案相比，不会显着影响棕榈油的产量。进行详细研究并获得有关生态系统服务的经济价值的更好信息，可以更好地了解油棕扩张对社会和环境的影响。可持续集约化方案通过确保与保护方案相媲美的生态系统服务供应，为油棕的未来扩展提供了折衷的解决方案，但与常规经营方案相比，不会显着影响棕榈油的产量。进行详细研究并获得有关生态系统服务的经济价值的更好信息，可以更好地了解油棕扩张对社会和环境的影响。