This paper reviews the life history of brown trout and factors influencing decisions to migrate. Decisions that maximize fitness appear dependent on size at age. In partly anadromous populations, individuals that attain maturity at the parr stage typically become freshwater resident. For individual fish, the life history is not genetically fixed and can be modified by the previous growth history and energetic state in early life. This phenotypic plasticity may be influenced by epigenetic modifications of the genome. Thus, factors influencing survival and growth determine life-history decisions. These are intra- and interspecific competition, feeding and shelter opportunities in freshwater and salt water, temperature in alternative habitats and flow conditions in running water. Male trout exhibit alternative mating strategies and can spawn as a subordinate sneaker or a dominant competitor. Females do not exhibit alternative mating behaviour. The relationship between growth, size and reproductive success differs between sexes in that females exhibit a higher tendency to migrate than males. Southern populations are sensitive to global warming. In addition, fisheries, aquaculture with increased spreading of salmon lice, introduction of new species, weirs and river regulation, poor water quality and coastal developments all threaten trout populations. The paper summarizes life-history data from six populations across Europe and ends by presenting new research questions and directions for future research.

中文翻译：

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部分溯河褐鳟（Salmo trutta，Salmonidae）生活史策略的环境影响

本文回顾了褐鳟的生活史和影响迁徙决定的因素。最大化健康的决定似乎取决于年龄的大小。在部分溯河种群中，在parr 阶段达到成熟的个体通常成为淡水居民。对于个体鱼来说，生活史不是遗传固定的，可以通过先前的生长史和生命早期的能量状态进行修改。这种表型可塑性可能受到基因组表观遗传修饰的影响。因此，影响生存和生长的因素决定了生活史的决定。这些是种内和种间竞争、淡水和咸水中的摄食和庇护机会、替代栖息地的温度和流水的流动条件。雄性鳟鱼表现出替代交配策略，可以作为从属运动鞋或主要竞争对手产卵。雌性不表现出替代交配行为。生长、体型和繁殖成功率之间的关系因性别而异，因为雌性比雄性表现出更高的迁移倾向。南方人口对全球变暖很敏感。此外，渔业、随着鲑鱼虱传播增加的水产养殖、新物种的引进、堰和河流调节、水质差和沿海发展都威胁着鳟鱼种群。该论文总结了欧洲六个人群的生活史数据，最后提出了新的研究问题和未来研究的方向。生长、体型和繁殖成功率之间的关系因性别而异，因为雌性比雄性表现出更高的迁移倾向。南方人口对全球变暖很敏感。此外，渔业、随着鲑鱼虱传播增加的水产养殖、新物种的引进、堰和河流调节、水质差和沿海发展都威胁着鳟鱼种群。该论文总结了欧洲六个人群的生活史数据，最后提出了新的研究问题和未来研究的方向。生长、体型和繁殖成功率之间的关系因性别而异，因为雌性比雄性表现出更高的迁移倾向。南方人口对全球变暖很敏感。此外，渔业、随着鲑鱼虱传播增加的水产养殖、新物种的引进、堰和河流调节、水质差和沿海发展都威胁着鳟鱼种群。该论文总结了欧洲六个人群的生活史数据，最后提出了新的研究问题和未来研究的方向。堰和河流调节、水质差和沿海开发都威胁着鳟鱼种群。该论文总结了欧洲六个人群的生活史数据，最后提出了新的研究问题和未来研究的方向。堰和河流调节、水质差和沿海开发都威胁着鳟鱼种群。该论文总结了欧洲六个人群的生活史数据，并提出了新的研究问题和未来研究的方向。