Centipedes are among the most ancient groups of venomous predatory arthropods. Extant species belong to five orders, but our understanding of the composition and evolution of centipede venoms is based almost exclusively on one order, Scolopendromorpha. To gain a broader and less biased understanding we performed a comparative proteotranscriptomic analysis of centipede venoms from all five orders, including the first venom profiles for the orders Lithobiomorpha, Craterostigmomorpha, and Geophilomorpha. Our results reveal an astonishing structural diversity of venom components, with 93 phylogenetically distinct protein and peptide families. Proteomically-annotated gene trees of these putative toxin families show that centipede venom composition is highly dynamic across macroevolutionary timescales, with numerous gene duplications as well as functional recruitments and losses of toxin gene families. Strikingly, not a single family is found in the venoms of representatives of all five orders, with 67 families being unique for single orders. Ancestral state reconstructions reveal that centipede venom originated as a simple cocktail comprising just four toxin families, with very little compositional evolution happening during the approximately 50 My before the living orders had diverged. Venom complexity then increased in parallel within the orders, with scolopendromorphs evolving particularly complex venoms. Our results show that even venoms composed of toxins evolving under the strong constraint of negative selection can have striking evolutionary plasticity on the compositional level. We show that the functional recruitments and losses of toxin families that shape centipede venom arsenals are not concentrated early in their evolutionary history, but happen frequently throughout.

中文翻译：

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比较Comparative蛋白组学分析揭示了复杂C毒液的平行进化。

are是最古老的有毒掠食性节肢动物群体。现存的物种属于五个科，但我们对of毒液的组成和进化的了解几乎完全基于一个物种，即蛇蝎（Scolopendromorpha）。为了获得更广泛，更不偏不倚的理解，我们对所有五个阶的performed毒进行了蛋白质组转录组学比较分析，其中包括石tho，C形目和Geophilomorpha的第一个毒谱。我们的结果揭示了毒液成分的惊人结构多样性，在系统发育上有93个不同的蛋白质和肽家族。这些推定的毒素家族的蛋白质组注释基因树显示，macro毒液成分在宏观进化的时间尺度上是高度动态的，具有大量的基因重复，以及功能性募集和毒素基因家族的丧失。令人惊讶的是，在所有五个命令的代表的毒液中都没有发现一个家庭，其中67个家庭对于单个命令是唯一的。祖先状态的重建表明，cent毒液起源于一个简单的鸡尾酒，仅包含四个毒素家族，在生活秩序发生分歧之前的大约50 My内，很少发生成分演变。毒液的复杂性随后在阶内并行增加，而蛇形果形体演变成特别复杂的毒液。我们的结果表明，即使在负选择的强约束下由毒素构成的毒液在成分水平上也具有惊人的进化可塑性。