DNA hydrogels, which take advantage of the unique properties of functional DNA motifs, such as specific molecular recognition, programmable and high-precision assembly, multifunctionality, and excellent biocompatibility, have attracted increasing research interest in the past two decades in diverse fields, especially in biosensing and biomedical applications. The responsiveness of smart DNA hydrogels to external stimuli by changing their swelling volume, crosslinking density, and optical or mechanical properties has facilitated the development of DNA-hydrogel-based in vitro biosensing systems and actuators. Furthermore, reducing the sizes of DNA hydrogels to the micro- and nanoscale leads to better responsiveness and delivery capacity, thereby making them excellent candidates for rapid detection, in vivo real-time sensing, and drug release applications. Here, the recent progress in the development of smart DNA hydrogels and DNA microgels for biosensing and biomedical applications is summarized, and the current challenges as well as future prospects are also discussed.

中文翻译：

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用于生物传感和生物医学应用的DNA水凝胶和微凝胶。

充分利用功能性DNA图案的独特特性（例如特异性分子识别，可编程和高精度装配，多功能性和出色的生物相容性）的DNA水凝胶在过去的二十年中吸引了越来越多的研究兴趣，尤其是在生物传感和生物医学应用。智能DNA水凝胶通过改变其溶胀体积，交联密度以及光学或机械特性对外部刺激的反应能力，促进了基于DNA水凝胶的体外生物传感系统和致动器的开发。此外，将DNA水凝胶的尺寸缩小到微米和纳米级，可以带来更好的响应能力和传递能力，从而使其成为快速检测，体内实时传感，和药物释放应用。在此，总结了在用于生物传感和生物医学应用的智能DNA水凝胶和DNA微凝胶的开发方面的最新进展，并讨论了当前的挑战以及未来的前景。