A grand challenge for ocean chemists in the years ahead lies in the need to tackle the chemical consequences of ocean warming with the same rigor and intensity that has been brought to bear on the physical chemistry of ocean acidification. For over 50 years ocean chemistry has been dominated by the study of pH‐dependent processes, but to address the biogeochemical impacts of ocean warming, we will need to rapidly advance the discipline of ocean chemical physics where temperature is the master variable and the basic unit is the Joule. Just as it would be impossible to understand the ocean CO₂ system without awareness of the essential pH‐dependent CO₂‐HCO₃‐CO₃ equilibria, so too is it impossible to describe ocean chemical physics without knowledge of the bimolecular structure of water. Water, and water in sea water, is composed of a complex of dominant hydrogen bonded forms, and the singlet molecular H₂O species, in temperature‐controlled equilibrium and the ratio of these forms, can now be precisely determined. The physical properties of sea water are traditionally described by fitting an ad hoc collection of coefficients to experimental data. They are more accurately described as temperature and pressure perturbations of the underlying molecular equilibrium state. Ocean oxygen consumption rates are accurately described as an Arrhenius function, and not as an exponential function of depth as has been the tradition for over 50 years. We do not now have good correlation between ocean models and observed warming and oxygen declines, and full anoxia with the emergence of hydrogen sulfide over large regions of the ocean is possible. The parallel ocean invasions of heat and fossil fuel CO₂ must be combined to estimate their full impact.

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了解海洋变暖影响的分子基础

未来几年，海洋化学家面临的巨大挑战在于，需要以与海洋酸化的物理化学相同的严格性和强度来应对海洋变暖的化学后果。50多年来，海洋化学一直是pH依赖过程研究的主导，但是要解决海洋变暖对生物地球化学的影响，我们将需要迅速推进以温度为主要变量和基本单位的海洋化学物理学的学科。是焦耳。就像不了解基本的pH依赖型CO ₂ -HCO ₃ -CO ₃一样，就不可能了解海洋CO ₂系统。平衡，因此如果不了解水的双分子结构，就不可能描述海洋化学物理学。水和海水中的水由主要的氢键形式和单线态分子H ₂的复合物组成现在可以精确确定处于温度控制平衡状态下的O物种以及这些形式的比率。传统上，海水的物理特性是通过将系数的临时集合拟合到实验数据来描述的。它们被更准确地描述为潜在的分子平衡状态的温度和压力扰动。精确地将海洋氧气消耗率描述为阿累尼乌斯函数，而不是像过去50多年的传统那样，将其描述为深度的指数函数。我们现在在海洋模型与观测到的变暖和氧气下降之间没有很好的相关性，并且在大面积的海洋上可能会出现伴随硫化氢出现的完全缺氧。平行的海洋热和化石燃料CO ₂入侵 必须结合起来以评估其全部影响。